Gematria-Cryptography

Help File Reference

This app is used to preform the various Hebrew word manuplications on a word entered in the upper most text field.

	If you do not have a Hebrew keyboard installed you can use the three rows of Hebrew letters along the top. They are listed in alphabetical order and by order of magnititude.
	Optionally add a second word or name that will then be interweaved with the word entered above it. Double click the text field while blank to get a list some of the most known names of God.
	This button preforms the calculations on the word or name entered, based on what is selected in the following 3 menus.
	This will use one of the four methods of spelling out the names of the Hebrew letters. See Miluy for more info and the name of YHVH as an example.
	This will use whichever method you select to cacculate the numerical value of a letter or word. Each method is explained in the Gematria section below.
	This will use whichever method of cryptography to encrypt word entered.
Input Phrase Gematria	This will calculate the numerical value of the word you entered in the first text input field, based on the Gematria System youl selected.
Encrypted Phrase	This will show you the output of your word once it has been encrypted.
Encrypted Phrase Gematria	This will show you the numerical value of the encrypted word.
ThShRQ (Reversed)	This is simple the word you entered spelled backwards.
Leap	This method removes the initial letter of the word.
Skip	This method skips the second letter of a word.
Acronym	This takes the first letter of the word(s) entered, and strings them together to possibly make a new word.
Elision	This is the act of removing both the first and last letters of a word, which may result in a new word.
Finals	An acronym only it is made of the last letter of the word(s), instead of the initials.
Av-Gad Forward Exchange	Roll every letter of a word forward by one letter in the alphabet.
Knit Word	If a second word is entered, the knit word will alternate between each word and spell out a new word letter by letter.
At-Ba Backward Exchange	Roll every letter of a word backward by one letter in the alphabet.
Pictogram & Meaning	This shows the original pictograms used, which are what the letteres themselves symbolize.
Miluy (Spelling)	Spells out the names of the letters used in the word entered.
Morphs	This is a play on the letter glyphs, showing how some letters can appear to be combination of other letters placed together.
Summation	This shows how the Gematria value from “Input Phrase Gematria” would be written.
# of Paths	Each unique Hebrew letter is known to be a connecting path on the Tree of Life.
Possible Divisions	Various other letter combinations that could be used to get the same Gematria value of an individual letter.
Ananagrams	All possible premutations of the word enter.
# of Gates	Total possible number of connections that can be drawn between each letter of the word to all other letters of that word.

App2

This app will calculate the gematria value any word(s) you highlight within the text body, and display it in the bottom left corner.

	Use this button to open your own .txt files. You can also download the Hebrew and Greek copies of the Old and New Testaments below.
	Select one of the pre-loaded books to evaluate. All books are available in Hebrew and Greek. Words within these books marked by an asterisk indicate the normally accepted spelling of the word. Words marked by a *astisks are where discrepencies where found where the spelling was slightly different but the meaning was the same. This does give a different Gematria for the word depending on which spelling is used. Only one of these two should be used. If you wish to remove one of these alternative spellings, this can be done by selecting Alt Word 1 or 2 in the Remove menu.
	Select your desired method of Gematria to calculcate using. If no option is selected it will default to the standard Ragil method.
	The Remove menu is used to clean up sections of the text if desired.
	The Calculate button will preform a manual calculation on any highlighted text within the text body.
	The Copy button will save the highlighted text to your systems memory or clipboard. This option is also available by pressing either Ctrl + C on Windows, or Command + C on MacOS.
	The Translate button will load the highlighted text into Google Translate service. The text may or may not be translated correctly due to linguistic nuances.
	The Print button will print out the contents of what is in the text body. You may add to or remove any text within the text body.
	The Export button will save the text as a file to your local computer. You may add to or remove any text within the text body.
	The Clear button will give you a clean slate to work with by removing all text from the text body.
	The Help button will open this reference guide of how to use the app as well as give an understanding of the various systems of Gematria and ancient Hebrew Cryptography, which can be found below.

Hot-Key Combos:

You may want to navigate the text area using your keyboard shortcuts. Control + key on Windows or Command + key on MacOS.

Hot-Key Combo	Description:
Ctrl + F	Use your browsers Find or Search feature to locate a match or another word/number.
Double-click	To highlight a word.
Triple-click	To highlight the entire line.
Ctrl + A	Select All available text.
Ctrl + C	To Copy text for external purposes.
Ctrl + V	To add or paste any text for analysis.
Ctrl + X	To remove the desired text. Useful when decieding between astrick and *astrick word options.
Ctrl + Y	To Redo anything you did not want to undo.
Ctrl + Z	To Undo any mistakes that may have been made.
Ctrl + End	Go to the end of the body of text.
Ctrl + Home	Go to the beginning of the body of text.
End	Go to the end of the line of text.
Home	Go to the beginning of the line of text.
Ctrl + Shift + +	Increase text size.
Ctrl + Shift + -	Decrease text size.
F11	Enter/Exit Full-Screen Mode

Language Packages & Keyboard Layouts:

Operating System	Language	Instructions / Terminal Commands
Windows	Greek	https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/language-packs-for-windows-a5094319-a92d-18de-5b53-1cfc697cfca8#WindowsVersion=Windows_11
	Hebrew	https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/language-packs-for-windows-a5094319-a92d-18de-5b53-1cfc697cfca8#WindowsVersion=Windows_11
MacOS	Greek	System Preferences > Keyboard > Input Sources > + > Greek
	Hebrew	System Preferences > Keyboard > Input Sources > + > Hebrew
OpenSUSE	Greek	sudo zypper install -y language-pack-el
Red Hat-based	Greek	sudo yum install -y @language-support-el
Debian-based	Greek	sudo apt-get install language-pack-el
Linux (All)	Greek	setxkbmap -option grp:switch,grp:alt_shift_toggle,grp_led:scroll us,el
	Hebrew	setxkbmap -option grp:switch,grp:alt_shift_toggle,grp_led:scroll us,il

Parallel Bibles for reference:

	External Site	External Site
OT Hebrew-English	Sar Shalom.us	HTML Bible.com
NT Greek-English	Greek Bible.com	HTML Bible.com

Additional downloads of Old and New Testaments.

Hebrew and Greek version of Old & New Testament books			ZIP

Hebrew Old Testament		TXT
Hebrew New Testament		TXT
Hebrew Old & New Testament		TXT

Greek New Testament		TXT
Greek Old Testament		TXT
Greek Old & New Testament		TXT

Hebrew Old Testament & Greek New Testament		TXT
Hebrew Old & Hebrew New Testament with Unique words sorted Alphabetically	XLSX	TXT
Hebrew Old & Hebrew New Testament with Unique words & Niqqud sorted Alphabetically	XLSX	TXT

Greek NT with All words in their order of Appearance	XLSX	TXT
Greek NT with only Unique words in their order of Appearance	XLSX	TXT
Greek NT with only Unique words sorted Alphabetically	XLSX	TXT

Greek OT & NT with only Unique words sorted Alphabetically	XLSX	TXT
Greek OT with All words in their order or Appearance	XLSX	TXT
Greek OT with Unique words in their order or Appearance	XLSX	TXT
Greek OT with Unique words sorted Alphabetically	XLSX	TXT

Hebrew NT with All words in their order or Appearance	XLSX	TXT
Hebrew NT with All words & Niqqud in their order of Appearance	XLSX	TXT
Hebrew NT with Unique words in their order of Appearance	XLSX	TXT
Hebrew NT with Unique words sorted Alphabetically	XLSX	TXT
Hebrew NT with Unique words & Niqqud in their order or Appearance	XLSX	TXT
Hebrew NT with Unique words & Niqqud sorted Alphabetically	XLSX	TXT

Hebrew OT with All words in their order or Appearance	XLSX	TXT
Hebrew OT with All words & Niqqud in their order or Appearance	XLSX	TXT
Hebrew OT with Unique words in their order or Appearance	XLSX	TXT
Hebrew OT with Unique words sorted Alphabetically	XLSX	TXT
Hebrew OT with Unique words & Niqqud in their order or Appearance	XLSX	TXT
Hebrew OT with Unique words & Niqqud sorted Alphabetically	XLSX	TXT

Aramaic Dictionary	XLSX	TXT	HTM
English Dictionary	DIC	TXT	AFF
Greek Dictionary	DIC	TXT	AFF
Hebrew Dictionary	XLSX (2)	TXT (2)	HTM / XML
Hebrew-Aramaic Dictionary	XLSX

App1 database backup of all words and gematria	XLSX		SQL / HTML

A backup of the Gematria database can be downloaded here and restore it using MySQL Server and optionally using MySQL Workbench.

This project is also available on GitLab or GitHub.

Table of Contents:

Gematria

Cryptography

Hebrew

Calculating the value of the letter

Mispar Hechrachi

Mispar Gadol

Cyphers

1. AL-BaM

2. AT-BaSh

3. ACh-BI

4. AYiK-BeCheR

5. AChaS-BeTA

6. AT-BaCh

7. Miluy

8. Ofanim

9. ThShRQ

10. AiY-BaK

11. ABaG-BeGeD

12. ATz-BaPh

13. AL-BeTh

14. Other Possible Encryption Methods

a. Leap

b. Skip

c. Elision

d. Acronym

Letter Sound

Aramaic

Undisputed occurrences

Bible Code

Final (Sof) letters

Groupings of the Hebrew letters

4 Major Writing Styles

Aramaic

Gematria (/ɡəˈmeɪtriə/; Hebrew: גמטריא [263] or gimatria גימטריה [277], plural גמטראות [659] or גימטריות [678] gimatriot) is when a Hebrew word's Gematria have the same numerical value, it means they spiritual synonyms. Hebrew words with the same numerical value and the same quantity of letters used in both matching words (that have the same numerical vale) are considered to be an even closer match.

The additional columns Original OT Order, NT Order, Revelation, & Jewish Holidays were extra categories that fit in the Hebrew alphabet mold of 22 letters and their meanings, or 27 letters if you count the final letters. In the original Old Testament, it appears that Job was not included, and several books were combined into 1 book. For example, 1 & 2 Samuel were original just Samuel.

Is it ironic how each of the 22 letters of the Hebrew aleph-bet have a meaning that corresponds to the 22 chapters in the book of Revelation? Their meanings also appear to relate to the books of the New Testament when the 5 final letters are also counted.

Letter	Order	Name (& alt. spelling)	Gematria	Old Testament	New Testament	Revelation
א	1	Alef (Aleph)	1	Genesis	Matthew	1
ב	2	Bet (Beit, Vet)	2	Exodus	Mark	2
ג	3	Gimel (Gimmel)	3	Leviticus	Luke	3
ד	4	Dalet (Daleth)	4	Numbers	John	4
ה	5	Hey (Hei, He)	5	Deuteronomy	Acts	5
ו	6	Vav	6	Psalms	Romans	6
ז	7	Zayin (Zain)	7	Proverbs	1 Corinthians	7
ח	8	Het (Chet, Khet, Cheit)	8	Ecclesiastes	2 Corinthians	8
ט	9	Tet (Teit)	9	Song of Solomon (Canticles)	Galatians	9
י	10	Yod (Yud)	10	Jeremiah & Lamentations	Ephesians	10
כ	11	Kaf (Khaf, Kaph)	20	Judges & Ruth	Philippians	11
ל	12	Lamed	30	12 Minor Prophets	Colossians	12
מ	13	Mem	40	Joshua	1 Thessalonians	13
נ	14	Nun	50	1 & 2 Samuel	2 Thessalonians	14
ס	15	Samekh	60	1 & 2 Kings	1 Timothy	15
ע	16	Ayin (Ain)	70	Ezra & Nehemiah	2 Timothy	16
פ	17	Peh (Pei, Pey, Feh)	80	1 Chronicles	Titus	17
צ	18	Tzadi (Tzady)	90	2 Chronicles	Philemon	18
ק	19	Kuf (Qof)	100	Daniel	Hebrews	19
ר	20	Reish (Resh)	200	Ester	Jacob (James)	20
ש	21	Shin (Sin)	300	Isaiah	1 Peter	21
ת	22	Tav	400	Ezekiel	2 Peter	22
ך	23	Kaf Sofit	500		1 John
ם	24	Mem Sofit	600		2 John
ן	25	Nun Sofit	700		3 John
ף	26	Pei Sofit	800		Jude
ץ	27	Tzadei Sofit	900		Revelation
א	1	Elef (Deuteronomy 32:30)	1000

The Hebrew spelling for Alef, the first letter of their alef-beth, is אלף which is the same Hebrew spelling of the word Thousand, showing how the cycle begins to repeat over & over.

Also, when written large, the Value of a Hebrew letter is increased to one thousand times its ordinary value. A large Aleph is counted 1,000: a large Beth, 2,000: and so on.

Rashi stated that both Mezuzot and Amulets contained in common a special type of “large letters,” which were peculiar to them.

Greek Isopsephy

The numerical values assigned to the letters of the Greek alphabet similar to Hebrew Gematria.

Although the term is Hebrew, it is derived from the Greek γεωμετρία geōmetriā, "geometry", which was used as a translation of gēmaṭriyā, though some scholars believe it to derive from Greek γραμματεια grammateia "knowledge of writing". It's possible that both Greek words had an influence on the formation of the Hebrew word. (Some also hold it to derive from the order of the Greek alphabet, gamma being the third letter of the Greek alphabet (gamma + tria).

Upper	Lower	Order	Name	Value	Translation
Α	α	1	Alpha	1	A
Β	β	2	Beta	2	B
Γ	γ	3	Gamma	3	G
Δ	δ	4	Delta	4	D
Ε	ε	5	Epsilon	5	E
Ϝ	ϛ	6	Episemon (Vau, Bau Digamma, or Stigma)	6	W
Ζ	ζ	7	Zeta	7	Z
Η	η	8	Eta	8	ē
Θ	θ	9	Theta	9	Th
Ι	ι	10	Iota	10	I
Κ	κ	11	Kappa	20	K
Λ	λ	12	Lambda	30	L
Μ	μ	13	Mu	40	M
Ν	ν	14	Nu	50	N
Ξ	ξ	15	Xi	60	X
Ο	ο	16	Omicron	70	O
Π	π	17	Pi	80	P
Ϙ	ϙ	18	Koppa	90	Q
Ρ	ρ	19	Rho	100	R
Σ	σ	20	Sigma	200	S
Τ	τ	21	Tau	300	T
Υ	υ	22	Upsilon	400	Y
Φ	φ	23	Phi	500	Ph
Χ	χ	24	Chi	600	Ch
Ψ	ψ	25	Psi	700	Ps
Ω	ω	26	Omega	800	ō
ϡ	Ͳ	27	Sampi	900	Ts

Ragil Gematria

Letter	Ragil Gematria
א	1
ב	2
ג	3
ד	4
ה	5
ו	6
ז	7
ח	8
ט	9
י	10
כ	20
ל	30
מ	40
נ	50
ס	60
ע	70
פ	80
צ	90
ק	100
ר	200
ש	300
ת	400
ך	500
ם	600
ן	700
ף	800
ץ	900
א	1000

Katan Gematria – (small value)

Made by truncating trailing zeros. For example כ = 20 now equals 2, orה still only equals 5, orך = 500 now equals 5. This form of Gematria is often used in Chaldean Numerology. It truncates all of the zeros from any digits that are more than just 1. It is also sometimes called mispar me'ugal.

Letter	Katan Gematria
א	1
ב	2
ג	3
ד	4
ה	5
ו	6
ז	7
ח	8
ט	9
י	1
כ	2
ל	3
מ	4
נ	5
ס	6
ע	7
פ	8
צ	9
ק	1
ר	2
ש	3
ת	4
ך	5
ם	6
ן	7
ף	8
ץ	9

Kadmi

Ragil then adding the value of the preceding letters (triangular value), which uses each letter as the sum of all the standard gematria letter values preceding it. Therefore, the value of Aleph is 1, the value of Bet is 1 + 2 = 3, the value of Gimmel is 1+2+3=6, etc. This type of gematria is often used for Sacred Geometry.

Letter	Hakadmi Gematria	Value
א	1 + (0)	1
ב	2 + (1)	3
ג	3 + (1+2)	6
ד	4 + (1+2+3)	10
ה	5 + (1+2+3+4)	15
ו	6 + (1+2+3+4+5)	21
ז	7 + (1+2+3+4+5+6)	28
ח	8 + (1+2+3+4+5+6+7)	36
ט	9 + (1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8)	45
י	10 + (1+2+3+…+7+8+9)	55
כ	20 + (1+2+3+...+8+9+10)	75
ל	30 + (1+2+3+…+9+10+11)	105
מ	40 + (1+2+3+…+10+11+12)	145
נ	50 + (1+2+3+…+11+12+13)	195
ס	60 + (1+2+3+…+12+13+14)	255
ע	70 + (1+2+3+…+13+14+15)	325
פ	80 + (1+2+3+…+14+15+16)	405
צ	90 + (1+2+3+…+15+16+17)	495
ק	100 + (1+2+3+…+16+17+18)	595
ר	200 + (1+2+3+…+17+18+19)	795
ש	300 + (1+2+3+…+18+19+20)	1095
ת	400 + (1+2+3+…+19+20+21)	1495
ך	500 + (1+2+3+…+20+21+22)	1995
ם	600 + (1+2+3+…+21+22+23)	2595
ן	700 + (1+2+3+…+22+23+24)	3295
ף	800 + (1+2+3+…+23+24+25)	4095
ץ	900 + (1+2+3+…+24+25+26)	4995

Klali

The total word value squared.

This is the Ragil value of the word squared.

Ex:הארץ = (900 + 200 + 1 +5) = (1,106)² = 1,223,236

Perati

Each letter squared.

Ex: הארץ = (5*5) + (1*1) (200*200) + (900*900)

= 25 + 1 + 40,000 + 810,000

= 850,026

Mispar ha-merubah ha-klali

Is the square of the standard absolute value of each word.

Ex: הארץ = (5*5) + (1*1) (200*200) + (90*90)

= 25 + 1 + 40,000 + 8,100

= 48,126

Meshulash

Calculates the value of each letter as the cube of their standard value.

Ex: יהוה = 10³ + 5³ + 6³ + 5³ = 1,000 + 125 + 216 + 125 = 1,466

Bone'eh - (building value, also Revu'a, square)

This is calculated by walking over each letter from the beginning to the end, adding the value of all previous letters and the value of the current letter to the running total.

Ex: Therefore, the value of the word Achad (one) is 1 + (1 + 8) + (1 + 8 + 4) = 23.

Mispar kidmi (preceding value)

Uses each letter as the sum of all the standard Gematria letter values preceding it. Therefore, the value of Aleph is 1, the value of Bet is 1+2=3, the value of Gimel is 1+2+3=6, etc. It will follow the pattern below until כ then it depends on how its value is calculated. Such as does כ equal 11 or 20 or something else? It is also known as Mispar Meshulash (triangular or tripled number).

א	ב	ג	ד	ה	ו	ז	ח	ט	י	כ
1	3	6	10	15	21	28	36	45	55	…

HaAkhor

The value of each letter is its standard value multiplied by the position of the letter in a word or a phrase in either ascending or descending order. This method is particularly interesting because the result is sensitive to the order of letters.

Ex (Ascending): הארץ = (5*1) + (1*2) (200*3) + (90*4)

= 5 + 2 + 600 + 360

= 967

Ex (Descending): הארץ = (5*4) + (1*3) (200*2) + (90*1)

= 20 + 3 + 400 + 90

= 513

Ne'elam - (hidden number)

Spells out the name of each letter without the letter itself (e.g., "Leph" for "Aleph") and sums the value of the resulting string. It is a radical system where the letters פ &ה seemingly become the same, having the same value as each other of 1. As is the case with the letter ס ע ש having a value of 60. And ז נ ת having a value of 6. And ו&מ having now numerical value at all.

Ex: הארץ = (1) + (30+80) + (300+10) + (4+10)

= 1 + 110 + 310 + 14

= 435

Misafi

Adds the number of the letters in the word or phrase to their gematria.

Ex: הארץ = 5 + 1 + 200 + 900 + (4, or number of letters being calculated)

= 1,106 + 4 + (4)

= 1,110 + (4)

= 1,114

Kolel

The Ragil value of the word + the numbers of the letters, or + 1 for the word itself. If more than one word is being calculated at once then make this the total number of words instead of just one.

Ex: הארץ = 5 + 1 + 200 + 900 + (1, or number of words being calculated)

= 1,106 + 1

= 1,117

Miluy (Filling)

Sum of the spelling of each letter’s name using Ragil Gematria. There are however various spellings for the same word in Hebrew since it is a phonic language, but these are the common spellings. This method is sometimes also called Mispar gadol (large value).

Letter	Spelling	Miluy Gematria	Value	with Sofit	Ne’elam	With Sofit
א	אָלֶף	1+30+80	111	813	110	812
ב	בֵּית	2+10+400	412		410
ג	גִּימֶל	3+10+40+30	83		80
ד	דָּלֶת	4+30+400	434		430
ה	הֵא	5+1	6		1
ו	וָו	6+6	12		0
ז	זַיִן	7+10+50	67	717	60	710
ח	חֵית	8+10+400	418		410
ט	טֵית	9+10+400	419		410
י	יוֹד	10+6+4	20		10
כ	כָּף	20+80	100	820	80	800
ל	לָמֶד	30+40+4	74		44
מ	מֵם	40+40	80	640	0	0
נ	נוּן	50+6+50	106	756	6	6
ס	סָמֶך	60+40+20	120	620	60	540
ע	עַיִן	70+10+50	130	780	60	710
פ	פֵּא	80+1	81		1
צ	צָדִי	90+4+1	105		5
ק	קוּף	100+6+80	186	906	106	826
ר	רֵישׁ	200+10+300	510		310
ש	שִׂין	300+10+50	360	1,010	60	710
ת	תָּו	400+6	406		6
ך	כָּף	20+80	100	820	80	800
ם	מֵם	40+600	80	640	0	0
ן	נוּן	50+6+700	106	756	6	6
ף	פֵּא	80+1	81		1
ץ	צָדִי	90+4+10	104		14

Mispari

Spells out the standard values of each letter by their Hebrew names ("Achad" (one) אחד is 1+8+4=13 etc.), and then adds up the standard values of the resulting string. We say that God is One, but Aheva (love) אהוא is 1+5+6+1=13 also, so therefore God is Love.

Position	Letter	Name	Numeral	Hebrew Name	Spelling	Miluy Gematria	Value
1	א	one	א	Achad	אֶחָד	1+8+4	13
2	ב	two	ב	Shnayim	שְׁנַיִם	300+50+10+600	960
3	ג	three	ג	Shlosha	שְׁלֹשָׁה	300+30+300+5	635
4	ד	four	ד	Arba'a	אַרְבָּעָה	1+200+2+70+5	278
5	ה	five	ה	Hamisha	חֲמִשָּׁה	8+40+300+5	353
6	ו	six	ו	Shisha	שִׁשָּׁה	300+300+5	605
7	ז	seven	ז	Shiv'a	שִׁבְעָה	300+2+70+5	377
8	ח	eight	ח	Shmona	שְׁמוֹנָה	300+40+6+50+5	401
9	ט	nine	ט	Tish'a	תִּשְׁעָה	400+300+70+5	775
10	י	ten	י	'Assara	עֲשָׂרָה	70+300+200+5	575
11	כ	eleven	יא	Achad-'Asar	אֲחַד-עָשָׂר	1+8+4+70+300+200	583
12	ל	twelve	יב	Shneyim-'Asar	שְׁנֵים-עָשָׂר	300+50+10+600+70+300+200	1,530
13	מ	thirteen	יג	Shlosha-'Asar	שְׁלֹשָה-עָשָׂר	300+30+300+5+70+300+200	1,205
14	נ	fourteen	יד	Arba'a-'Asar	אַרְבָּעָה-עָשָׂר	1+200+2+70+5+70+300+200	848
15	ס	fifteen	ט״ו	Hamisha-'Asar	חֲמִשָּׁה-עָשָׂר	8+40+300+5+70+300+200	923
16	ע	sixteen	ט״ז	Shisha-'Asar	שִׁשָּׁה-עָשָׂר	300+300+5+70+300+200	1,175
17	פ	seventeen	יז	Shiv'a-'Asar	שִׁבְעָה-עָשָׂר	300+2+70+5+70+300+200	947
18	צ	eighteen	יח	Shmona-'Asar	שְׁמוֹנָה-עָשָׂר	300+40+6+50+5+70+300+200	971
19	ק	nineteen	יט	Tish'a-'Asar	תִּשְׁעָה-עָשָׂר	400+300+70+5+70+300+200	1,345
20	ר	twenty	כ	'Esrim	עֶשְׂרִים	70+300+200+10+600	1,180
21	ש	Twenty-one	כא	Achad-'Esrim	עֶשְׂרִים-אֶחָד	1+8+4+70+300+200+10+600	1,193
22	ת	Twenty-two	כב	Shnayim-'Esrim	עֶשְׂרִים-שְׁנַיִם	300+50+10+600+70+300+200	1,530
23	ך	Twenty-three	כג	Shlosha-'Esrim	עֶשְׂרִים-שְׁלֹשָׁה	300+30+300+5+70+300+200	1,205
24	ם	Twenty-four	כד	Arba'a-'Esrim	עֶשְׂרִים-אַרְבָּעָה	1+200+2+70+5+70+300+200	848
25	ן	Twenty-five	כה	Hamisha-'Esrim	עֶשְׂרִים-חֲמִשָּׁה	8+40+300+5+70+300+200	923
26	ף	Twenty-six	כו	Shisha-'Esrim	עֶשְׂרִים-שִׁשָּׁה	300+300+5+70+300+200	1,175
27	ץ	Twenty-seven	כז	Shiv'a-'Esrim	עֶשְׂרִים-שִׁבְעָה	300+2+70+5+70+300+200	947
30		Thirty	ל	Shloshim	שְׁלֹשִׁים	300+30+300+10+600	1,240
40		Forty	מ	Arba'im	אַרְבָּעִים	1+200+2+70+10+600	883
50		Fifty	נ	Hamishim	חֲמִשִּׁים	8+40+300++10+600	958
60		Sixty	ס	Shishim	שִׁשִּׁים	300+300++10+600	1,210
70		Seventy	ע	Shiv'im	שִׁבְעִים	300+2+70+10+600	982
80		Eighty	פ	Shmonim	שְׁמוֹנִים	300+40+6+50+10+600	1,006
90		Ninety	צ	Tish'im	תִּשְׁעִים	400+300+70+10+600	1,380
100		One Hundred	ק	Mea	מֵאָה	40+1+5	46
200		Two Hundred	ר	Matayim	מָאתַיִם	40+1+400+10+600	1,051
300		Three Hundred	ש	Shlosh Meot	שְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת	300+30+300+40+1+6+400	1,077
400		Four Hundred	ת	Arba' Meot	אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת	1+200+2+70+40+1+6+400	720
500		Five Hundred	ך	Hamesh Meot	חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת	8+40+300+40+1+6+400	795
600		Six Hundred	ם	Shesh Meot	שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת	300+300+40+1+6+400	1,047
700		Seven Hundred	ן	Shva Meot	שְׁבַע מֵאוֹת	300+2+70+40+1+6+400	819
800		Eight Hundred	ף	Shmone Meot	שְׁמוֹנֶה מֵאוֹת	300+40+6+50+5+40+1+6+400	848
900		Nine Hundred	ץ	Tsha' Meot	תְּשַׁע מֵאוֹת	400+300+70+40+1+6+400	1,217
1,000		One Thousand	א׳	Elef	אֶלֶף	1+30+800	831
2,000		Two Thousand	ב׳	Alpaim	אַלְפַּיִם	1+30+80+10+600	721
5,000		Five Thousand	ה׳	Hameshet Alafim	חֲמֵשֶׁת אֲלָפִים	8+40+300+400+1+30+80+10+600	1,469
10,000		Ten Thousand	א׳י	Aseret Alafim	עֲשֶׂרֶת אֲלָפִים	70+300+200+400+1+30+80+10+600	1,691
100,000		One Hundred Thousand	א׳ק	Mea Elef	מֵאָה אֶלֶף	40+1+5+1+30+800	877
1,000,000		One Million	א׳א׳	Miliyon	מליון	40+30+10+6+700	786

By convention, the numbers 15 and 16 are represented as ט״ו‎ (9 + 6) and ט״ז‎ (9 + 7), respectively, in order to refrain from using the two-letter combinations י-ה‎ (10 + 5) and י-ו‎ (10 + 6), which are alternate written forms for the Name of God in everyday writing.

Calculating the value of the letter

Letter of God's Name YHWH	Type of Value	Corresponding World
Point at the tip of the letter yod	N/A	Adam Kadmon (Primordial Man)
י	Absolute	Atzilut (Emanation)
ה	Ordinal	Beri'ah (Creation)
ו	Reduced	Yetzirah (Formation)
ה	Integral Reduced	Asiyah (Action)

Letter	Mispar hechrachi (Absolute Value)	Mispar siduri (Ordinal Value)	Reduced Value	Integral Reduced Value
א	1	1	1	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ב	2	2	2	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ג	3	3	3	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ד	4	4	4	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ה	5	5	5	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ו	6	6	6	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ז	7	7	7	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ח	8	8	8	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ט	9	9	9	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
י	10	10	1	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
כ	20	11	2	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ל	30	12	3	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
מ	40	13	4	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
נ	50	14	5	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ס	60	15	6	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ע	70	16	7	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
פ	80	17	8	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
צ	90	18	9	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ק	100	19	1	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ר	200	20	2	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ש	300	21	3	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ת	400	22	4	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ך	500	23	5	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ם	600	24	6	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ן	700	25	7	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ף	800	26	8	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
ץ	900	27	9	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left
א	1,000	1	1	Sum of digits of a word until only one digit is left

In the Integral Reduced method, the total numerical value of a word is reduced to one digit. Should the sum of these numbers be double digits, the integer digits of the total are repeatedly added to each other to produce a single-digit figure. The same value will be arrived at regardless of whether it is the absolute values, the ordinal values, or the reduced values that are being counted.

Mispar hechrachi (Absolute Value)

Example: הארץ = 5 + 1 + 5 + 900

= 911 or 9 + 1 + 1

= 11 or 1 + 1

= 2

Mispar gadol (Large Value)

Counts the final forms (sofit) of the Hebrew letters as a continuation of the numerical sequence for the alphabet, with the final letters assigned values from 500 to 900. The name mispar gadol is sometimes used for a different method, Otiyot beMilui.

Ordinal Value Example: הארץ = 5 +1 + 5 + 27

= 38 or 3 + 8

= 11 or 1 + 1

= 2

Reduced Value Example: הארץ = 5 + 1 + 5 + 9 (10)

= 20 or 2 + 0

= 2

The way of Composition is taking the numerical value of two or more letters and summing them into one new letter.

For example, ע (70) ל (30) = ק (100) or ה (5) ה (5) = י (10)

The way of Sub-division is taking a letter and breaking it down into two or more letters whose sum equals the original letter’s value. For example, ר (200) = ק (100) ק (100) or ן (400) = ר (200) ק (100) ר (200)

Cyphers

Hebrew Cryptography or Temurah (Hebrew: תְּמוּרָה) is the process of encrypting or decrypting a word or phrase. By having an Alpha-Beta or Aleph-Beth ordered in such a way that the letters have a system of being interchanged, since who is to say that the alphabet must follow one sequence of letters and how is this decided? It is one of the three ancient methods used by mystics to rearrange words and sentences in the Bible, in the belief that by this method they can derive the esoteric substratum and deeper spiritual meaning of the words.

The other two methods are Gematria and Notarikon (Hebrew: נוטריקון Noṭriqōn), the word is borrowed from the Greek language (νοταρικόν) meaning Letter Substitution and Letter Permutation, which was derived from the Latin word "notarius" meaning "shorthand writer. It is a Talmudic and Kabbalistic method of deriving a word, by using each of its initial (Hebrew: ראשי תיבות‎), or final letters (סופי תיבות‎), to stand for another, to form a sentence or idea out of the words. Another variation uses the first and last letters, or the middle or two middle letters of a word, in order to form another word.

AL-BaM

(אלבם) translates to the phrase “their album”.

This is a method of alphabetic transformation. The basic "direct" transformation pattern, wherein the alef-beit is divided into two equal groups of eleven letters which are then paired (first to first, second to second, etc.…) to transform one into the other. The Albam transformation is called the wise transformation since using this pattern the word Albam transforms into Chochma, which means Wisdom.

The name al-bam is a reference to the first two of these transformation pairs: alef-lamed and beit-mem and corresponds to the Sephirot within the Partsuf of Chochmah--Abba.

*AL-BaM*
א alef	ל lamed
ב beit	מ mem
ג gimmel	נ nun
ד dalet	ס samech
ה hei	ע ayin
ו vav	פ pei
ז zayin	צ tzadik
ח chet	ק kuf
ט tet	ר reish
י yud	ש shin
כ kaf	ת tav

AT-BaSh

(אתבש) translates to the word “dry”.

This is a basic "reflective" transformation pattern, wherein the first and last letters of the alef-beit transform into one another, as do the second and second-to-last, and so on.

It is a reference to the first two of these transformation pairs: alef-tav and beit-shin and corresponds to the Sephirot within the Partsuf of Binah--Imma.

*AT-BaSh*
א alef	ת tav
ב beit	ש shin
ג gimmel	ר reish
ד dalet	ק kuf
ה hei	צ tzadik
ו vav	פ pei
ז zayin	ע ayin
ח chet	ס samech
ט tet	נ nun
י yud	מ mem
כ kaf	ל lamed

In Jeremiah 25:26 and 51:41, contain the seemingly unknown king of Sheshach (ששך) is the king of Babel (בבל) when decrypted using the AT-BaSh system. The final kaf (ך) and the regular kaf (כ) would be considered the same with this method. ששך has a numerical value of 620, which is also Keter when using Isopsephy to find spiritual synonyms, or words with the same gematria value. Suggesting that BBL (בבל) is the very opposite of Kether, namely Malchut.

This is believed to be of the method that was used to read the handwriting on the wall in Daniel 5:25-28.

פרס תקל מנא מנא (MeNE MeNE TeKeL PaRSH), but by transposing the letters you get the:

וגח אדכ יטת יטת (OGCH ADCH YITT YITT) meaning Numbered, Numbered, Weighed, Broken. Broken can also be translated as Persians.

Daniel who was carried off in the Babylonian captivity, was known to have read diligently the scriptures, especially the book of Jeremiah, so he may have known this system already (Daniel 9:2 & 1 Peter 1:10) since it is the one Jeremiah also used.

ACh-BI

(אכבי) translates to the phrase “I will stop”.

This is a method of alphabetic transformation wherein the alef-beit is divided into two equal groups of eleven letters. Within each group, the letters pair "reflectively"--the first with the last, the second with the second-to-last, etc. It is a reference to the first two of these transformation pairs: alef-kaf and beit-yud.

This is the alphabetic transformation whose elements correspond to the Sephirot within the Partsuf of Knowledge (Da'at.)

The three transformation systems, al-bam, at-bash, and ach-bi (corresponding to wisdom (chochmah), understanding (Binah), and knowledge (Da'at) form a "transformation ring," which means that if you transform a letter using all three you will come back to your original letter. E.g., alef in al-bam transforms into lamed; lamed in at-bash transforms into kaf--, which using ach-bi, transforms back to alef.

*ACh-BI*
א alef	כ kaf	ל lamed	ת tav
ב beit	י yud	מ mem	ש shin
ג gimmel	ט tet	נ nun	ר reish
ד dalet	ח chet	ס samech	ק kuf
ה hei	ז zayin	ע ayin	צ tzadik
ו vav	ו vav	פ pei	פ pei

AYiK-BeCheR

(איקבכר) translates to?

This is also known as the Kabbalah of Nine Chambers, because of its 9 equal rows. It is a method of alphabetic transformation wherein the 27 letters of the full alef-beit (including the five letters with a final form (mem, nun, tzadik, pei, and chaf, referred to as mantzapach, for short) are initially divided into three equal groups of nine letters, which are then tripled together in "direct order," meaning each letter is transposed into the letter to its succeeding column 1’s > 10’s > 100’s > 1’s, the same general direction the alphabet normally proceeds in.

If you preformed this process in “retrograde order” you would transpose each letter for the letter next to it in the preceding column, or in the reverse order the alphabet normally goes in, i.e., 7’s > 700’s > 70’s > 7’s. The retrograde order could be called AKYi-BeReCh (אקיברכ).

The first letter in each group--alef, yud, and kuf (whose numerical values are 1, 10 and 100); the second in each group--beit, kaf, and reish (whose numerical values are 2, 20 and 200); etc. So, each Triplet adds up to 111, 222, 333, etc… The sum of the first triplet being 111 is the gematria value of the word Aleph, א + ל + פ or 1+30+80 = 111.

The transformation pattern is one of "revolution" within each triplet, i.e., alef transforms into yud which transforms into kuf which transforms into alef (which can now be considered as equaling 1000, the word Elph which sounds like Aleph).

The name ayik-becher is a reference to the first two of these transformation triplets.

This is the alphabetic transformation whose elements correspond to the Sephirot within the Partsuf of Arich Anpin (the nine "chambers" of the super conscious)

	#’s	*AYiK-BeCheR*
Adam Kadmon	*Atzilut	*Beryah	*Yetzirah	*Asiah	Sum
*(Keter)*	*(Chochma)*	*(Binah)*	*(Tiferet)*	*(Malchut)*
0 (10), tip of the Yod	1	א alef	י yud	ק kuf	111
	2	ב beit	כ kaf	ר reish	222
	3	ג gimmel	ל lamed	ש shin	333
	4	ד dalet	מ mem	ת tav	444
	5	ה hei	נ nun	ך Final kaf	555
	6	ו vav	ס samech	ם Final mem	666
	7	ז zayin	ע ayin	ן Final nun	777
	8	ח chet	פ pei	ף Final pei	888
	9	ט tet	צ tzadik	ץ Final tzadik	999

The Creator created Creation using the Hebrew letters, which is the world of Beryah (Creation) downward. Above these bottom 3 worlds (Beryah, Yetzirah, & Asiah) is a fourth world called Atzilut (Emanation) which is the world of the 10 Sephirot. The word סַפַר (Safar) meaning number, or counting. Once there were the 10 numbers, the Creator made the 22-paths between them to form the Tree of Life. All together they are known as the ‘32 Paths of Wisdom’.

ספירה (Sephira - Counting) ספירות (pl. Sephirot - Libraries) = Attribute(s) of God, which comes from the root words:

· סַפֵּר (Saper) meaning to express, or communication

· סַפִּיר (Sapir) meaning sapphire, brilliance, or luminary

· סַפַר (Safar) meaning number, or counting

· סְפַר (Sefar) meaning boundary or Storyteller

· סֵפֵר (Sefer) meaning book

· סיפור (Sipur) meaning Story

*It is said that all the Hebrew letters are contained within Atzilut, but the groupings of single digits, double-digits, and triple-digits are groups to the world they correspond to.

· The world of Beryah contains the letters Alef through Tet (1 – 9).

· The world of Yetsirah contains the letters Yud through Tzadik (10 – 90).

· The world of Asiah contains the letters Kuf through Tav plus the final letters (100 – 900), with the final letters having a tail that hangs down into the physical world by which we can ascend into Spirituality.

The 5 Sofit (Final) letters hang down into our physical reality, whereby we might be able to ‘grab ahold of these letters and pull ourselves up into spirituality’. Except perhaps the letter Mem Sofit (ם)?

AChaS-BeTA

(אחסבטע) translates to?

This is a method of alphabetic transformation wherein the first 21 letters of the alef-beit are initially divided into three equal groups of seven letters, which are then tripled together in "direct order."

The first letter in each group--alef, chet, and samech; the second in each group--beit, tet, and ayin; etc. The final letter tav is added to the seventh triplet. The transformation pattern is one of "revolution" within each triplet, i.e., alef transforms into chet which transforms into samech which transforms into alef, etc. Tav will always remain Tav in this system.

The name achas-beta is a reference to the first two of these transformation triplets.

This is the alphabetic transformation whose elements correspond to the Sephirot within the Partsuf of Ze'ir Anpin (the seven emotive attributes).

*AChaS-BeTA*
א alef	ח chet	ס samech
ב beit	ט tet	ע ayin
ג gimmel	י yud	פ pei
ד dalet	כ kaf	צ tzadik
ה hei	ל lamed	ק kuf
ו vav	מ mem	ר reish
ז zayin	נ nun	ש shin
		ת tav

AT-BaCh

(אטבח) translates to the word “cook”.

This is a method of alphabetic transformation that is initially divided into three groups, in accordance with either of these two systems.

AT-BaCh Sytem #1:

9, 9, and 4 when the five letters with a final form (mem, nun, tzadik, pei, and chaf, referred to as mantzapach, for short) are not considered.

The transformation pattern is "reflective" within each group. The name At-Bach is a reference to the first two of these transformations: alef-tet and beit-chet.

This is the alphabetic transformation whose elements correspond to the Sephirot within the Partsuf of Kingdom (malchut)--Nukva Deze'ir Anpin.

*AT-BaCh*
א alef	ט tet	י yud	צ tzadik	ק kuf	ת tav
ב beit	ח chet	כ kaf	פ pei	ר reish	ש shin
ג gimmel	ז zayin	ל lamed	ע ayin
ד dalet	ו vav	מ mem	ס samech
ה hei	ה hei	נ nun	נ nun

AT-BaCh System #2:

9, 9, and 9 when the five letters with a final form are considered.

The transformation pattern is "reflective" within each group. In a group of nine, the first and last letters transform one into the other, as do the second and eighth, the third and seventh, and the fourth and sixth. The fifth letter possesses no partner within the group. The "logic" behind this transformation pattern is that in each of the groups of nine letters the sum of each pair equals 10, 100, or 1000 (all identical when calculated as reduced value).

*AT-BaCh*
א alef	ט tet	י yud	צ tzadik	ק kuf	ת tav
ב beit	ח chet	כ kaf	פ pei	ר reish	ש shin
ג gimmel	ז zayin	ל lamed	ע ayin	ך Final kaf	ם Final mem
ד dalet	ו vav	מ mem	ס samech	ף Final pei	ץ Final tzadik
ה hei	ה hei	נ nun	נ nun	ן Final nun	ן Final nun

Miluy

The 7^th method of Gematria is known as Miluy (Spelling) which is the spelling out of each letters name using Ragil Gematria then summed together. There are however various spellings for the same word in Hebrew since it is a phonic language, but these are the common spellings.

Ofanim

Using this method replaces each letter by the last letter of its fully spelled out name (e.g., פ "Fe" for אלף "Aleph"). See the table for Miluy (Spelling) below.

Letter	Name	Miluy Gematria	Value	Ofanim	Ofanim Absolute Value
א	אָלֶף	1+30+800	813	ף (pey sofit)	800 (80)
ב	בֵּית	2+10+400	412	ת (tav)	400
ג	גִּימֶל	3+10+40+30	83	ל (lamed)	30
ד	דָּלֶת	4+30+400	434	ת (tav)	400
ה	הֵא	5+1	6	א (aleph)	1
ו	וָו	6+6	12	ו (vav)	6
ז	זַיִן	7+10+700	717	ן (nun sofit)	700 (50)
ח	חֵית	8+10+400	418	ת (tav)	400
ט	טֵית	9+10+400	419	ת (tav)	400
י	יוֹד	10+6+4	20	ד (dalet)	4
כ	כָּף	20+800	820	ף (pey sofit)	800 (80)
ל	לָמֶד	30+40+4	74	ד (dalet)	4
מ	מֵם	40+600	640	ם (mem sofit)	600 (40)
נ	נוּן	50+6+700	756	ן (nun sofit)	700 (50)
ס	סָמֶך	60+40+500	600	ך (chaf sofit)	500 (20)
ע	עַיִן	70+10+700	780	ן (nun sofit)	700 (50)
פ	פֵּא	80+1	81	א (aleph)	1
צ	צָדִי	90+4+1	104	י (yod)	10
ק	קוּף	100+6+800	906	ף (pey sofit)	800 (80)
ר	רֵישׁ	200+10+300	510	ש (shin)	300
ש	שִׂין	300+10+700	1,010	ן (nun sofit)	700 (50)
ת	תָּו	400+6	406	ו (vav)	6
ך	כָּף	20+800	820	ף (pey sofit)	800 (80)
ם	מֵם	40+600	640	ם (mem sofit)	600 (40)
ן	נוּן	50+6+700	756	ן (nun sofit)	700 (50)
ף	פֵּא	80+1	81	א (aleph)	1
ץ	צָדִי	90+4+10	104	י (yod)	10

The different variations of spelling are 4 in total and we use the Tetragrammaton to demonstrate them. They are A"B, SaG, Mah, & Ben.

	Sephirot of 'A''V (עב 72)		Sephirot of SaG (סג 63)		Sephirot of MaH (מה 45)		Sephirot of BaN (בן 52)
*yud*	Yud (10), Vav (6), Dalet (4)	=20	Yud (10), Vav (6), Dalet (4)	=20	Yud (10), Vav (6), Dalet (4)	=20	Yud (10), Vav (6), Dalet (4)	=20
*hei*	Hei (5), Yud (10)	=15	Hei (5), Yud (10)	=15	Hei (5), Alef (1)	=6	Hei (5), Hei (5)	=10
*vav*	Vav (6), Yud (10), Vav (6)	=22	Vav (6), Alef (1), Vav (6)	=13	Vav (6), Alef (1), Vav (6)	=13	Vav (6), Vav (6)	=12
*hei*	Hei (5), Yud (10)	=15	Hei (5), Yud (10)	=15	Hei (5), Alef (1)	=6	Hei (5), Hei (5)	=10
	total milui	=72	total milui	=63	total milui	=45	total milui	=52

ThShRQ

(תשרק) translates to “whistle”.

Besides all these, there is the method called, Thashraq, which is simply writing a word backwards.

For example, the word דניאל would then become לאינד when using this method.

AiY-BaK

(איבכ) translates to the word “Island”.

Used for purposes of reincarnation to find the correction one must make. This is an obscure method of transformation. The first 9 letters are paired with the second 9 letters based on a one for one method. But the last four letters then make up two pairs. Here is the list and their transformations.

*Aiy-Bak*		Sum
א alef	י yud	11
ב beit	כ kaf	22
ג gimmel	ל lamed	33
ד dalet	מ mem	44
ה hei	נ nun	55
ו vav	ס samech	66
ז zayin	ע ayin	77
ח chet	פ pei	88
ט tet	צ tzadik	99
ק kuf	ר reish	300
ש shin	ת tav	700

The last column shows the sum of the gematria for each transformation. Please note the first 2 total the third. Or 11 + 22 = 33. The next two pairs total the ninth. Or 44 +55 = 99. 66 and 99 connects to the idea of a wheel, while 11 and its multiple represent the turning of the wheel. This gematria is formed in such a way that it creates all of the Master Numbers, 11 – 99. The sum of the last two pairs = 1,000 which also relates to the wheel. The Hebrew word for wheel is gilgul and is also the word for reincarnation. This transformation teaches us things about our reincarnation.

Here is an example using the name ChaNOCh (Enoch), חנוך = פהסב this word can be permutated to spell a word that translates as "with the least" or "with the face" or "with the surface." Indicating that one of the Tikunim (corrections) within this person's lifetime is to integrate their internal feelings with their external face or surface.

ABaG-BeGeD

(אבגבגד) translates to “Abag-garment”.

This method consists of 22 three letter sequences that include the adjacent letters from the Hebrew Letter Number Line. It is essentially a combination of AB-GaD (the forward letter roll) and AT-BA (the backward letter roll).

ב beit	א alef	ת tav
ג gimmel	ב beit	א alef
ד dalet	ג gimmel	ב beit
ה hei	ד dalet	ג gimmel
ו vav	ה hei	ד dalet
ז zayin	ו vav	ה hei
ח chet	ז zayin	ו vav
ט tet	ח chet	ז zayin
י yud	ט tet	ח chet
כ kaf	י yud	ט tet
ל lamed	כ kaf	י yud
מ mem	ל lamed	כ kaf
נ nun	מ mem	ל lamed
ס samech	נ nun	מ mem
ע ayin	ס samech	נ nun
פ pei	ע ayin	ס samech
צ tzadik	פ pei	ע ayin
ק kuf	צ tzadik	פ pei
ר reish	ק kuf	צ tzadik
ש shin	ר reish	ק kuf
ת tav	ש shin	ר reish
א alef	ת tav	ש shin

The substitution is from the middle letter to either of the other two letters within the three-letter string. In essence one can go forward in the number line or backward in the number line.

It is said that this method has built in protection. It is used by the ARI for the substitution of the Tetragrammaton for our protection during the 3-week negative period during Tammuz and Av. During this period, we also use the At-bash method to transform the Tetragrammaton. The Names become יהוה יהוה יהוה from כוזו טדהד מצפצ. It is also used on the outside of the Mezuzah Scroll when it becomes: כוזו במוכסז כוזו from יהוה אלהינו יהוה.

ATz-BaPh

(אץ בף)

A possible encryption method could be a method named ATz-BaPh (אץ בף). It is similar to AT-BaSh, but also including the 5 final form letters. In this method the letter nun (נ) wouldn’t be exchanged for a different letter, and the first 5 letters could be exchanged for the final form letters.

*ATz-BaPh*
א alef	ץ Final tzadik
ב beit	ף Final pei
ג gimmel	ן Final nun
ד dalet	ם Final mem
ה hei	ך Final kaf
ו vav	ת tav
ז zayin	ש shin
ח chet	ר reish
ט tet	ק kuf
י yud	צ tzadik
כ kaf	פ pei
ל lamed	ע ayin
מ mem	ס samech
נ nun	נ nun

AL-BeTh

(אלבת) translates to “House of God”.

An alternative form of encryption suggested, based on At-BaSh, but the letters of the 2nd column are reversed and alternated.

*AL-BaTh*
א alef	ל lamed
ב beit	ת tav
ג gimmel	מ mem
ד dalet	ש shin
ה hei	נ nun
ו vav	ר reish
ז zayin	ס samech
ח chet	ק kuf
ט tet	ע ayin
י yud	צ tzadik
כ kaf	פ pei

Other Possible Encryption Methods

Other possible encryption methods would be just to use a brute-force technique by pairing each letter with every other possible letter of the alphabet but rotating through the entire alphabet as if it was on an inner and out wheel, where one is going in direct motion and the other is going in retrograde or reverse motion, and each time incrementing it by either +1 or -1 letter and using that as the cypher. If this were the case, these would be the possible methods, listed below, excluding those in grey which are already known and have been listed previously to this section. Using the brute force method we find that there are a total possible of 43 different method, which is 2 letter wheels, times 22 letters, minus 1 combination where a letter is not transposed for another.

אב-בג and את-בש with an off-set of +1 and -1 are essentially the same as ABaG-BeGeD forwards and backwards roll. The others are similar, but with a greater off-set than 1.

Off-set	Retrograde Encryption	Name	Gematria	Translation	Off-set	Direct Encryption	Name	Gematria	Translation
-1	את-בש	AT-BaSh	703	“Dry” or “you are” or “you’re in”	+1	אב-בג	AB-BaG	8	“Father son” of “Father in”
-2	אש-בר	ASh-BaR	503	“Wild fire” or “I will break”	+2	אג-בד	AG-BaD	10	“By the way”
-3	אר-בק	AR-BaK	303		+3	אד-בה	AD-BaH	12	“Courtesy”
-4	אק-בץ	AQ-BeTz	193	“I will gather”	+4	אה-בו	AH-BeV	14	“Loved” or “Ah boo” or “Oh boo”
-5	אצ-בף	EZ-BePh	173	“I will wait”	+5	או-בז	AV-BeZ	16	“Oh Falcon” or “Or a falcon”
-6	אפ-בע	AP-BE	153		+6	אז-בח	AZ-BeCh	18	“So Check” or “Sacrifice”
-7	אע-בס	AE-BaS	133		+7	אח-בט	ACh-BeT	20	“Brother-in-law” or “I will hit”
-8	אס-בן	AS-BeN	113	“Ace son”	+8	אט-בי	AT-BI	22	“Slow me down”
-9	אנ-בם	AN-BaM	93	“I’m in them”	+9	אי-בך	AI-Bech	33	“Your Father” or “An island in you”
-10	אמ-בל	AM-BeL	73	“God” or “your gods”	+10	אכ-בל	ACh-BeL	53	“Cable” or “Ah Bell”
-11	אל-בך	EL-BaCh	53	“God in you”	+11	אל-בם	EL-BaM	73	“To them” or “Their Album”
-12	אכ-בי	ACh-BI	33	“Eat me” or “I will stop”	+12	אמ-בן	AM-BeN	93	“Mother son”
-13	אי-בט	AI-BeT	22	“I Bet”	+13	אנ-בס	AN-BeS	113	“An Bass”
-14	אט-בח	AT-BaCh	20	“Cook”	+14	אס-בע	AS-BA	133
-15	אח-בז	ACh-BaZ	18		+15	אע-בף	AA-BaPh	153	“I will pass”
-16	אז-בו	AZ-BO	16	“So Boo”	+16	אפ-בץ	APh-BaTz	173	“I will die”
-17	או-בה	AV-BaH	14		+17	אצ-בק	ATz-BeQ	193	“Ace back”
-18	אה-בד	AH-BaD	12	“Loved” or “Ah Cloth”	+18	אק-בר	AK-BaR	303	“Buried”
-19	אד-בג	AD-BeG	10		+19	אר-בש	AR-BeSh	503
-20	אג-בב	AG-BaB	8	“By the way”	+20	אש-בת	ASh-BeT	703	“Daughter-in-law” or “Fire daughter” or “I will sit down”
-21	אב-בא	AB-BA	6	“Father-Father”	+21	את-בא	AT-BaH	404	“I will come” or “you come”
-22 / 0	אא-בת	AAh-BaT	404	“Father” or “A Daughter” or “Oh daughter”	+22 / 0	אא-בב	AA-BB	6	Not a method of encryption

A similar method could be used with a set of 3 wheels each containing 9 letters each for a total of 27 letter with the 5 final form letters as part of the last wheel. You could create a variety of combination by moving one wheel independently or moving two wheel independently of each other. With one going in direct motion and the other in retrograde motion, or both in the same direction as each other and by matching increments or different increments. Using the brute force method we find that there are a total possible of 729 different methods, which is 3 wheels of 9 letters each, or including the following which were mentioned earlier: AYiK-BeCheR, AChaS-BeTA, and ABaG-BeGeD.

A similar idea was used in Exodus 14:19-21 where each verse was 72 letters, the middle verse was written in reverse order and the 72 angles of Shem HaMephorash were formed from these 72 columns of letters. Alternatively you could use 9 wheels of 3 letters each to get the same number of possible combination, but this is much less practical.

You could do this with groupings larger than just 2 or 3 sets, but the number do not divide up equally for either 22 or 27 letters. The alphabet could be divided up into sections of 4 if two of the letters did not get transposed or were transposed with themselves, such as when using the 22 letter alphabet and Aleph and Tav are not transposed, or some middle letters like Lamed and Mem, or Chet and Tav, or Aleph and Lamed. However you decide to do it so that 22 letters only really transposes 20 letters which divided up into 4 evenly.

It also divides into 5 evenly as would the 27 letter alphabet if you did not transpose 2 letters for this extended alphabet, making 5 columns or rows of 5 letters so that 25 of them are transposed and 2 are not. You might layout the alphabet in such a way so that either Aleph (1^st) and final Tzadik (27^th) do not transpose with other letters, or perhaps Kaf (11^th) and Tav (22^nd), for example. This is similar to how Final Nun is transposed with itself in the AT-BaCh method or how Tav is not exchanged in the AChaS-BeTA method, which is setup as a set of 3 groups of 7 letters each, but could be rearranged into 7 groups of 3 letters each, where the last letter Tav would still not be transposed with another.

If you created 3 groups of 8 letter from the 27-letter alphabet you would need to not exchange 3 of the letters, which would likely be every 9^th letter, or Tet, Tzadik, and Final Tzadik. Alternatively if you created 8 groups of 3 letters each you may want to ignore the 4^th, 14^th, and 24^th letters: Dalet, Nun, and Final Mem, or the 7^th, 17^th, and 27^th letters: Zayin, Ayin, and Final Tzadik, or possible just not transpose the first 3 letters: Aleph, Bet, and Gimel, or the last 3 letters of the alphabet: Final Nun, Final Pey, and Final Tzadik. If you used the 22-letter alphabet you would need to ignore 6 of the letters to create a total of 16 letters that do get transposed, so you could possible not transpose the 3^rd, 6^th, 11^th, 14^th, 19^th, and 22^nd letters of Gimel, Vav, Caf, Nun, Kuf, and Tav, for example. Alternatively if you used 2 groups of 8 letters each you could ignore the first, middle, and last letter of each column, the 1^st, 6^th, 11^th, 12^th, 17^th, and 22^nd letters of Aleph, Vav, Caf, Lamed, Pey, and Tav.

2-Column Off-set Look-up Table:

את-בש

At-Bash

אב-בג

Ab-Bag

אש-בר

Ash-Bar

אג-בד

Ag-Bad

אר-בק

Ar-Bak

אד-בה

Ad-Bah

אק-בץ

Ack-Betz

אה-בו

Ah-Bev

אצ-בף

Ez-Beph

או-בז

Av-Bez

אפ-בע

Ap-Ba

אז-בח

Az-Bech

אע-בס

Ae-Bas

אח-בט

Ach-Bet

אס-בן

As-Ben

אט-בי

At-Bee

אנ-בם

An-Bam

אי-בך

Ai-Bech

אמ-בל

Am-Bell

אכ-בל

Ach-Bell

אל-הך

El-Hch

אל-בם

El-Bam

אכ-בי

Ach-Be

אמ-בן

Am-Ben

אי-בט

Ai-Bet

אנ-בס

An-Bes

אט-בח

At-Bach

אס-בע

As-Ba

אח-בז

Ach-Baz

אע-בף

Aa-Baph

אז-בו

Az-Bo

אפ-בץ

Aph-Bay

או-בה

Av-Bah

אצ-בק

Az-Beck

אה-בד

Ah-Bad

אק-בר

Ak-Bar

אד-בג

Ad-Beg

אר-בש

Ar-Besh

אג-בב

Ag-Bab

אש-בת

Ash-Bet

אב-בא

Ab-ba

את-בא

At-Bah

אא-בת

Aah-Bat

אצ-בק

Az-Beck

אצ-בף

Ez-Beph

אפ-בץ

Aph-Bay

אפ-בע

Ap-Ba

אנ-בס

An-Bes

אנ-בם

An-Bam

אמ-בן

Am-Ben

אמ-בל

Am-Bell

אכ-בל

Ach-Bell

אכ-בי

Ach-Be

אא-בב

Aa-Bb

Leap

The way of Leap is to remove the first letter of a word and this should reveal a new word giving new meaning to the passage being read. For example, if we take the word Seven שבע״ה and remove, or leap over the first letter we get "with God's help" בע״ה.

Skip

The way of Dilug, or Skip is to remove the second letter from a word, or to skip over it. This should reveal a new word giving new meaning to the passage being read. For example, if we take the word made of the three mother letters אמש and skip the second letter we get the word Fire אש.

Elision

The way of Elision is to remove the first and last letter of a word. This process has been know to also releave the root word or a new word.

Acronym

The way of creating an Acronym is to take the first letter of each word, which may spell out a new word. Such as the example found in John 19:19 where the initials from the phrase “Jesus the-Nazarene and-King-of the-Jews” (ישוע הנוצרי ומלך היהודים) creates the word Yahweh (יהוה). Which is the name of God ascribed to the sephira of Tiferet on the Tree of Life, and Jesus being a prophet fulfilled this by manifesting it into the physical realm, by being hung with nails (Vav) on a Tree (of Life) Acts 5:30.

· י Yeshua (Jesus, ישוע)

· ה HaNazir (The Nazarene, הנוצרי)

· ו VeMelech (And King of, ומלך)

· ה HaYehoodim (The Jews, היהודים)

Acronyms can also be created using the last letter of each word in a similar manner.

Letter Sounds

One final transformation system is one related to sound. It consists of the letters that come from the same part of the mouth. This method relates to the Sephirah of Malchut since the mouth is known to be the Malchut of the Head.

Gutturals come from the throat which is Garon (גרון) in Hebrew.

א ח ה ע

Palatial come from the Palate which is Chayich (חיך) in Hebrew.

ג י כ ק

Lingual's come from the tongue which is Lashon (לשון) in Hebrew.

ד ט ל נ ת

Dentals come from the teeth which is Sheniim (שיניים) in Hebrew.

ז ס ש ר צ

Labials come from the lips which is Shefa (שפה) in Hebrew.

ב ו מ פ

Aramaic

In the portions of the Bible that were originally written in Aramaic (not Arabic) they appear to have a reinforcing message when translated into Hebrew.

Differences

· Aramaic attaches the definitive construct state at the end of a substantive.

· While Hebrew uses a prefixed attached, he (ה) for the definite article, Aramaic uses a suffixed, attached aleph (א) at the end of nouns for the same purpose.

· Aramaic uses different letters to represent the same sounds.

· Aramaic is not a Canaanite language and thus did not experience the Canaanite vowel shift from A to O.

· The preposition Dalet functions as a conjunction and is often used instead of the construct to indicate the genitive/possessive relationship.

A quick look up and overview off the various encryption systems

	*Al-bam*	*At-bash*	*Ach-bi*	*Ayik-becher*	*Achas-beta*	*At-bach*	*At-bach 2*
א alef	ל	ת	כ	י	ח	ט	ט
ב beit	מ	ש	י	כ	ט	ח	ח
ג gimmel	נ	ר	ט	ל	י	ז	ז
ד dalet	ס	ק	ח	מ	כ	ו	ו
ה hei	ע	צ	ז	נ	ל	ה	ה
ו vav	פ	פ	ו	ס	מ	ד	ד
ז zayin	צ	ע	ה	ע	נ	ג	ג
ח chet	ק	ס	ד	פ	ס	ב	ב
ט tet	ר	נ	ג	צ	ע	א	א
י yud	ש	מ	ב	ק	פ	צ	צ
כ kaf	ת	ל	א	ר	צ	פ	פ
ל lamed	א	כ	ת	ש	ק	ע	ע
מ mem	ב	י	ש	ת	ר	ס	ס
נ nun	ג	ט	ר	ך	ש	נ	נ
ס samech	ד	ח	ק	ם	א	מ	מ
ע ayin	ה	ז	צ	ן	ב	ל	ל
פ pei	ו	ו	פ	ף	ג	כ	כ
צ tzadik	ז	ה	ע	ץ	ד	י	י
ק kuf	ח	ד	ס	א	ה	ת	ת
ר resh	ט	ג	נ	ב	ו	ש	ש
ש shin	י	ב	מ	ג	ז	ר	ר
ת tav	כ	א	ל	ד	ת	ק	ק
ך kaf sofit	ת	ל	א	ה	צ	פ	ם
ם mem sofit	ב	י	ש	ו	ר	ס	ך
ן nun sofit	ג	ט	ר	ז	ש	נ	ן
ף pei sofit	ו	ו	פ	ח	ג	כ	ץ
ץ tzadik sofit	ז	ה	ע	ט	ד	י	ף

Undisputed occurrences

Genesis 15:1 – the word במחזה (ba-maħaze, "in a vision"). According to the Zohar (1:88b), this word is “Aramaic,” as the usual Hebrew word would beבמראה (ba-mar’e).

Genesis 18:2 - we find the words, "and 10, three men," Vehennah, shalisha, Vhnh Shlshh; this set down in numbers becomes 6, 5, 50, 5, 300, 30, 300, 5, which amount to 701: now the words, "these are Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael," "Alu Mikhael Gabriel ve Raphael," ALU MIKAL GBRIAL V RPAL converted are, 1, 30, 6, 40, 10, 20, 1, 30, 3, 2, 200, 10, 1, 30, 6, 200, 80, 1, 30, also amounting to 701, and the Rabbis argued that these two sets of three beings were identical.

Genesis 31:47 – translation of a Hebrew place-name.

Genesis 49:10 - we find "Yebah Shiloh," YBA SHILH, "Shiloh shall come," which amount to 358; and that the word "Messiah," MShVCh is 40, 300, & 8, or 358; but so is also Nachash, the Serpent of Moses, NChSh, 50, 8, 300; and I must remark that the claim to translate ShILh, or, as some ancient Hebrew MSS. write it, ShLh, by "Shiloh," in the sense of Jesus Christ, is far-fetched. The word is simply "rest," or "peace," in its simplest meaning, but also is the Scorpio of the Chaldean zodiac (related to Nachash, serpent); and "Judah," of whom Jacob is talking in the prophecy, is the sign of the zodiac; Leo for "Judah is a lion's whelp" (the Chaldean zodiac has a lion couchant), "he crouches as a lion." In this sense, then, "the scepter shall not depart from Judah," i.e., power shall not leave Leo, until Shelah, Shiloh or Scorpio shall come up or rise. Astronomy teaches that as Leo passes away from the meridian, Scorpio rises.

Numbers 23:10 – the word רבע (rôḇa‘, usually translated as "stock" or "fourth part"). Rabbi J.H. Hertz, in his commentary on this verse, cites an unnamed scholar's claim that this is an Aramaic word meaning "dust."

Deuteronomy 30:12 - Moses asks, "Who shall go up for us to heaven?" The initials of the words of the sentence, MY YOLh LNU HShMYMH, read "My yeolah lenu hashemimha," form the word MYLH or "Mylah," which means "Circumcision," and the final letters form the word Jehovah, YHUH or IHVH, suggesting that Jehovah pointed out the way, by circumcision, to heaven.

Job 36:2a – Rashi, in his commentary on this verse, states that this phrase is in Aramaic.

Jeremiah 10:11 – a single sentence denouncing idolatry occurs in the middle of a Hebrew text.

Daniel 2:4b–7:28 – five stories about Daniel and his colleagues, and an apocalyptic vision.

Ezra 4:8–6:18 and Ezra 7:12–26 – quotations of documents from the 5^th century BCE concerning the restoration of the Temple in Jerusalem.

Other suggested occurrences.

Qabalah is called ChKMh NSThRH, Chokhmah Nesethrah, "the secret wisdom;" and if we take the initials of these two words Ch and N, we form by the second kind of Notariqon the word ChN, Chen, "grace."

Bible Code

In more recent times, an encryption known as Bible Code has become very popular. In this encryption every n^th letter is selected from a string of text from the original Bible language (primarily Hebrew but can also be used with the Aramaic and Greek portions). Then these letters are placed next to each other in their respective order to spell out a new sentence. In Bible Code the hidden message needs to relate to the surface text to be creditable. These hidden message are usually prophecies of events of the future.

There are a few software programs out know that automatically search for these hidden messages for you if you supply them with the key terms you are looking for. It is up to the read to determine if the message matches the surface text though. www.biblecodedigest.com is an excellent resources for researching Bible Codes.

Many people will say that 1/3 of the Bible is prophecy, but isn't all the Bible actually professing something?

Hebrew

Hebrew words are written and read from right to left, the same direction applies to the sentence structure order, and from top to bottom.

The Hebrew alphabet is called the Alef-Bet after the first 2 letters of its alphabet.

Just as every angelic prince is nurtured from holiness, so every language receives its life force from the Holy Tongue (Hebrew). - Tzva'at HaRivash, meaning all languages and sounds are connected even if only back at their root, their source language, the Hebrew letters.

Hebrew letter with vertical lines represents wisdom or please and the light descending from above, and horizontal line represent mercy or correction, it is the creator relating to creation. When light entering a Kli are called flavors and when it leaves it is called Niqqid (dots). Memories of this light entering are called Taggin and memories of light leaving are called letters. The white paper is the creator and the black ink is the creation.

Hebrew letters are the vessels/desires, and the white paper is the light/bestowal. It is what we call black fire on white fire.

There are therefore two and twenty Letters, which are the foundation of the world, and of creatures that are, and are named in it, and every saying, and every creature are of them, and by their revolutions receive their Name, Being, and Virtue.

The Kabbalists sometimes considered the Gematria value of the letters by the following: units to refer to Divine Beings, the tens to celestial bodies, hundreds to things of earth, and thousands to future events.

Letter	Name	Gematria	Miluy (Spelling)	Description
א	Alef	1	אָלֶף	The Aleph is composed of a Vav and two Yod, which add up to 26, the same value as YHVH. Its pictogram form resembles an Ox, though its script form suggests the shape of a yoke. There is also a reference to the mildness and patience. The function of ploughing is clearly the chief idea involved.
ב	Bet	2	בֵּית	House, the letter showing the roof, floor, and one wall. It is the dwelling place of man in the world of duality and illusion.
ג	Gimel	3	גִּימֶל	Camel, reminds us of the position of the Path on the Tree of Life as joining Kether and Tiphereth, and thus the means of travelling through the wilderness of the Abyss.
ד	Dalet	4	דָּלֶת	Door, refers to the position of the path as joining Chokmah and Binah. It is the gate of the Supernal. The shape suggests the porch of a doorway, or a porched tent-flap.
ה	Hey	5	הֵא	Window, reminds us that Understanding (He being the letter of the Mother in Tetragrammaton) is the means by which the Light reaches us. The gap between the two strokes is the window. The letter He, H, represents a Dalet, D, with a Yod, I, written at the lower left-hand corner.
ו	Vav	6	וָו	Nail (shape directly hieroglyphic) suggests the fixation of the Supernal in Tiphereth.
ז	Zayin	7	זַיִן	Sword, refers to the attribution of the letter to Gemini, the sign corresponding to intellectual analysis. The Yod above suggests the hilt; that below, the blade. Perhaps reversed it is a hatched.
ח	Chet	8	חֵית	Fence. The Cross-bar on the uprights suggests a fence—more properly the Holy Grail.
ט	Tet	9	טֵית	Serpent, as is very obvious from the shape of the letter.
י	Yod	10	יוֹד	“Malkuth is in Kether, and Kether is in Malkuth,” or “That which is below is like that which is above” or simply “Yod.” The foundation of all letters having the number 10, symbolizing Malkuth. Hand, indicates the means of action. The doctrine is that the Universe is set in motion by the action of indivisible points (Hadit). The Hand being the symbol of creative and directive energy, is the polite equivalent of Spermatozoon, the true glyph. Aleph, A, is said to symbolize a Vau, V, between a Yod, I, and a Daleth, D; and thus the letter itself represents the word IVD, Yod.
כ	Kaf	20	כָּף	Palm of the hand, is the hub of the wheel from which the force of the 5 elements spring. The reference is particularly to Jupiter and the 10^th ATU. The regular form may suggest the fist: the final, the open hand.
ל	Lamed	30	לָמֶד	Ox-Goad, is once more principally a matter of shape. There is, in particular, a reference to the relation of Lamed with Aleph.
מ	Mem	40	מֵם	Water suggests a wave; a breaker by its initial or medial form, and still water by its final form. In this single case, the actual meaning of the word is identical with the Yetziratic attribution of the letter. Note that the letter NUN, meaning fish, is not attributed to Pisces but to Scorpio.
נ	Nun	50	נוּן	Fish, is that which lives and moves in the water: which is here a symbol of death. It therefore indicates the forces of Scorpio, generation through putrefaction. The final form suggests a tadpole.
ס	Samech	60	סָמֶך	Prop, refers to the fact that the path connects Tiphereth with Yesod and therefore serves to connect Microprosopus with his foundation. The shape may suggest a pillow, or a stone, to be thrust under some object as a support.
ע	Ayin	70	עַיִן	Eye, refers to the opening. This explains the application of Capricornus to the 15^th ATU. The shape may suggest the two eyes and the nose.
פ	Peh	80	פֵּא	Mouth, is explained by the shape of the letter. The Yod represents the tongue.
צ	Tzadi	90	צָדִי	Fish Hook, is also an obvious matter of shape.
ק	Kuf	100	קוּף	Back of the Head. The shape is fairly suggestive.
ר	Resh	200	רֵישׁ	Head reversed. The seat of the human consciousness, which is Solar, pertaining to Tiphereth, is in the head. Resh is the Solar letter. In shape it is merely a big Yod, implying the brain as the expansion of the Sperm cell.
ש	Shin	300	שִׂין	Tooth, plainly exhibits the three fangs of a molar. It is also a glyph of the triple tongue of flame, the letter being referred to the element of Fire. The suggestion of devouring, eating, or eating into, is also given. The idea of the ternary shown by the three Yod’s is borne out by the value of the letter, 300. Yet the letter being one letter, the doctrine of the Trinity is implied. Hence its secondary attribution to the element of Spirit. It is also a glyph of the God SHU, whose head and arms, separating SEB and NUIT, form the letter. This connects it with the fire of the Last Judgment (ATU XX). SHU is the God of air and not of fire, of the firmament that separates Earth and Heaven; so that part of the idea of the letter is to establish a link between the ideas of fire and air, the two active elements. There is a similar connection between Mem and Tau. The 12^th ATU shows a man hanging from a cross, which is the meaning of Tau.
ת	Tav	400	תָּו	Tau or Cross symbolizes the element of Earth as a solidification of the four elements. There is also a phallic meaning, whence Tau is attributed not only to Earth, but to Saturn. Tau was originally written cruciform.
ך	Kaf Sofit	500	כָּף
ם	Mem Sofit	600	מֵם
ן	Nun Sofit	700	נוּן
ף	Peh Sofit	800	פֵּא
ץ	Tzadi Sofit	900	צָדִי
א	Elef	1,000		The Hebrew spelling for Alef, the first letter of their alef-beth, is אלף which is the same Hebrew spelling of the word Thousand, showing how the cycle begins to repeat over & over.

Final (Sof) letters

Written in a different form if they appear at the end of a word.

Letter	Regular Form	Final Form
Kaf	כ	ך
Mem	מ	ם
Nun	נ	ן
Pey	פ	ף
Tzadik	צ	ץ

Groupings of the Hebrew letters

The Double letters are called doubles supposedly because they have a double sound, both a hard and soft sound. Even though Resh does not appear to have a soft sound. The Single letters having one sound.

Mother	Double	Single
א	ב	ה
מ	ג	ו
ש	ד	ז
	כ	ח
	פ	ט
	ר	י
	ת	ל
		נ
		ס
		ע
		צ
		ק

Spiritual Roots

Creation was made with the Hebrew letters, or to put it another way, the world of Beriyah (Creation), was made using the Hebrew letters. It is a well-known Midrash about how the letters of the Hebrew alphabet approached God seeking to be the letter through which God creates the universe. The account is presented in full in an ancient text called Otiot d’Rabbi Akiva, and is also referenced to in multiple places, including the first chapters of Beresheet Rabbah and Yalkut Shimoni. The Zohar itself provides a detailed account in its first pages (I, 2b-3b).

These letters are contained in the world of Atzilut, and are contained in subgroups of 9 (Keter to Yesod, excluding Da’at and Malchut). The five final variations of these letters (except for Mem) all hang down into the world of Beriyah (Creation), where we can use them to climb up into the world of Atzilut, so to speak.

World	Sephirot	Letters									Multiple
World	Sephirot	Keter	Chochma	Binah	Chesed	Gevura	Tiferet	Netzach	Hod	Yesod	Multiple
Atzilut	Keter
	Chochma
	GA”R of Binah
	ZA”T of Binah	א	ב	ג	ד	ה	ו	ז	ח	ט	x1
	Z”A	י	כ	ל	מ	נ	ס	ע	פ	צ	x10
	Malchut	ק	ר	ש	ת	ך	ם	ן	ף	ץ	x100
Beriyah	All
Yetzira	All
Assiyah	All

The letters are made of light and there are really only two forms, horizontal strokes (which are the light of Hassidim/mercy, and binah/giving), and vertical strokes which are the light of Chochma, who are strong, powerful, purpose of creation, and also giving). Diagonal strokes are just a combination of both the horizontal and vertical strokes.

Here is a breakdown of some of the Hebrew letter parts for example:

Many Hebrew words will also have a technical (physical) root word, but all Hebrew words will have a spiritual root.

For example the word שלום (Shalom/hello/peace) would have a technical root word of שלם (whole/complete).

Another example would be for the word חיבור (connection) the technical root would be חבר (friend).

Prefixes/Suffixes

Hebrew & Aramaic words have a variety of prefixes which are added to the root word.

ב - 'in, on, with, at, by'

ד - (Aramaic) 'of'

ה - 'the' or causative tense

ו - 'and'

י - imperfect tense

כ - 'like, according to, as'

ל - 'to, for'

מ - 'from, some of', or a participle

נ - reflexive tense

ש - (Aramaic) 'which, who'

Suffixes also used in Hebrew have a variety of grammatical purposes for their attachment to a word.

Gender and Number

Due to noun-adjective agreement rules, these apply to nouns and to adjectival modifiers. In some cases, a masculine plural noun will have a feminine plural suffix and vice versa, but the adjectival modifiers are always the same.

Suffix	Meaning	Examples
ָה (Kamatz and He)	feminine singular	· סוּסָה susa (mare) · סוּסָה טוֹבָה susa tova (good mare)
ִים (Chirik, Yud and Mem)	masculine plural	· סוּסִים susim (horses) · סוּסִים טוֹבִים susim tovim (good horses)
וֹת (Cholam and Tav)	feminine plural	· סוּסוֹת susot (mares) · סוּסוֹת טוֹבוֹת susot tovot (good mares)
ַיִם (Patach, Yud with Chirik and Mem)	masculine and feminine noun dual form	· יָדַיִם yadayim (two hands)

Construct State

Suffix	Meaning	Examples
ַת (Patach and Tav)	Changes a singular feminine noun to the construct form. of	תּוֹרַת מֹשֶׁה Torat Moshe (Torah of Moses)
ֵי (Tzere and Yud)	Changes a plural masculine noun to the construct form. of	סִפְרֵי קְדוּשָׁה Sifre k'dushah (Books of holiness)

Pronominal Suffixes

Singular nouns

Suffix	Meaning	Examples
ִי (Chirik and Yud)	First person, singular possessive. My	· סוּסִי susi (my horse) · תּוֹרָתִי torati (my law)
ְךָ (Shva and Final Chaf with Kamatz)	Second person, singular, masculine possessive. Your	· סוּסְךָ suscha (your horse) · תּוֹרָתְךָ toratcha (your law)
ֵךְ (Tzere and Final Chaf with Shva)	Second person, singular, feminine possessive. Your	· סוּסֵךְ susech (your horse) · תּוֹרָתֵךְ toratech (your law)
וֹ (Cholam male)	Third person, singular, masculine possessive. His	· סוּסוֹ suso (his horse) · תּוֹרָתוֹ torato (his law)
ָהּ (Kamatz and He with Mappiq)	Third person, singular, feminine possessive. Her	· סוּסָהּ susah (her horse) · תּוֹרָתָהּ toratah (her law)
ֵנוּ (Tzere and Nun with Shuruk)	First person, plural possessive. Our	· סוּסֵנוּ susenu (our horse) · תּוֹרָתֵנוּ toratenu (our law)
ְכֶם (Shva, Chaf with Segol and Final Mem)	Second person, plural, masculine possessive. Your	· סוּסְכֶם suschem (your horse) · תּוֹרַתְכֶם toratchem (your law)
ְכֶן (Shva, Chaf with Segol and Final Nun)	Second person, plural, feminine possessive. Your	· סוּסְכֶן suschen (your horse) · תּוֹרַתְכֶן toratchen (your law)
ָם (Kamatz and Final Mem)	Third person, plural, masculine possessive. Their	· סוּסָם susam (their horse) · תּוֹרָתָם toratam (their law)
ָן (Kamatz and Final Nun)	Third person, plural, feminine possessive. Their	· סוּסָן susan (their horse) · תּוֹרָתָן toratan (their law)

Nouns

Plural nouns

Suffix	Meaning	Examples
ַי (Patach and Yud)	First person, singular possessive. My	· סוּסַי susai (my horses) · תּוֹרוֹתַי torotai (my laws)
ֶיךָ (Segol, Yud and Final Chaf with Kamatz)	Second person, singular, masculine possessive. Your	· סוּסֶיךָ susecha (your horses) · תּוֹרוֹתֶיךָ torotecha (your laws)
ַיִךְ (Patach, Yud with Chirik and Final Chaf with Shva)	Second person, singular, feminine possessive. Your	· סוּסַיִךְ susayich (your horses) · תּוֹרוֹתַיִךְ torotayich (your laws)
ָיו (Kamatz, Yud and Vav)	Third person, singular, masculine possessive. His	· סוּסָיו susav (his horses) · תּוֹרוֹתָיו torotav (his laws)
ֶיהָ (Segol, Yud and He with Kamatz)	Third person, singular, feminine possessive. Her	· סוּסֶיהָ suseha (her horses) · תּוֹרוֹתֶיהָ toroteha (her laws)
ֵינוּ (Tzere, Yud and Nun with Shuruk)	First person, plural possessive. Our	· סוּסֵינוּ suseinu (our horses) · תּוֹרוֹתֵינוּ toroteinu (our laws)
ֵיכֶם (Tzere, Yud, Chaf with Segol and Final Mem)	Second person, plural, masculine possessive. Your	· סוּסֵיכֶם suseichem (your horses) · תּוֹרוֹתֵיכֶם toroteichem (your laws)
ֵיכֶן (Tzere, Yud, Chaf with Segol and Final Nun)	Second person, plural, feminine possessive. Your	· סוּסֵיכֶן suseichen (your horses) · תּוֹרוֹתְכֶן torateichen (your laws)
ֵיהֶם (Tzere, Yud, He with Segol) and Final Mem)	Third person, plural, masculine possessive. Their	· סוּסֵיהֶם suseihem (their horses) · תּוֹרוֹתֵיהֶם torateihem (their laws)
ֵיהֶן (Kamatz and Final Nun)	Third person, plural, feminine possessive. Their	· סוּסֵיהֶן suseihen (their horses) · תּוֹרוֹתֵיהֶן torateihen (their laws)

Sounds

Hebrew, unlike English, is spelled exactly as it sounds (or conversely, it sounds exactly as it is spelled). Therefore, to represent an English word, you first must spell the word in simplified English phonetics and then convert this into Hebrew.

Hebrew consonants with the same sounds:

Some Hebrew consonants sound alike in Modern Hebrew. In those cases where you are unsure which letter to use, follow these guidelines:

· For a “v” sound, always use Vav (ו) and never Vet (ב). Note that if the Vav would likely be mistaken for a vowel, use Yod Yod (יי).

· For a “t” sound, always use Tet (ט) and never Tav (ת).

· For an “s” sound, always use Samech (ס) and never Sin (ש).

· For a “k” sound, always use Qof (ק) and never Kaf (כ).

English sounds with no Hebrew equivalent:

There are some English sounds that have no Hebrew equivalent. In those cases where you are unsure which letter to use, follow these guidelines:

· For a “th” sound, use Tav (ת).

· For an “x” sound, use Qof Samech (קס).

· For a “w” sound, use Vav Vav (וו).

· For a “qu” sound, use Qof Vav (קו).

Some English letters have no exact equivalent in Hebrew. In this case, a small mark similar to an apostrophe (called a Geresh) tells the reader that there is something unusual. With certain letters in a foreign word, the Geresh indicates these foreign sounds:

· For a “j” sound, use Gimmel-Geresh (ג׳).

· For a “ch” (as in "Charlie") sound, use Tsade-Geresh (צ׳).

· For a “zh” (as in "garage") sound, use Zayin-Geresh (ז׳).

There are 3 letters that can appear and sound differently, in different words, usually according to their placement within the word. (Any other letter with a dot in the middle of it will sound the same weather it has a dot in it or not.)

Without a dot in the center	Sound	Name	With a dot in the center	Sound	Name
ב	V	Vet	בּ	B	Bet
ח	Ch	Chaf	חּ	K	Kaf
פ ף	F	Fey	פּ ףּ	P	Pey

Dot on the upper right	Sound	Name	Dot on the upper left	Sound	Name
שׁ	Sh	Shin	שׂ	S	Sin

Some letters in Hebrew sound the same when pronounced.

Letter	Name	Letter	Name	Both transliterated as
ו	Vav	ב	Vet	V
כּ	Kaf	ק	Kuf	K
כ	Chaf	ח	Chet	Ch
ט	Tet	ת	Tav	T
שֹ	Shin	ס	Sin	S

3 letters are sometimes considered silent letters, and when followed by a vowel they will only make the sound of the vowel, otherwise they are not pronounced with the word is spoken.

Letter	Name
א	Aleph
ה	Hey
ע	Ayin

The Vav (ו) and Yod (י) are also silent if they do not have a vowel sound.

If the letter Yod (י) follows an A (aee) vowel then it is actually pronounced as a U (oow) vowel sound. Such as אוׄי or אוּי

If the letter Yod (י) follows an A (aee) vowel then it is actually pronounced as an O (ooh) vowel sound. Such as חַי

Transliteration

Transliterate Hebrew to English for proper pronunciation:

IPA	Letter(s)	Romanization	English approximation
b	בּ (Bet)	b	Bet
d	ד (Dalet)	d	dark
dʒ	ג׳ (Gimel with geresh)	ǧ or j	joy
f	פ ף (Fei)	f or p̄	fool
ɡ	ג (Gimel)	g	go
h	ה (Hei)	h	hen
ħ	ח (Chet)	ḥ or ch	no English equivalent; like hen but with the tongue against the pharynx
j	י (Yud)	y	yes
k	כּ (Kaph) ק (Qoph)	k	skin
l	ל (Lamed)	l	left
m	מ ם (Mem)	m	man
n	נ ן (Nun)	n	no
p	פּ (Pei)	p	spin
q	ק (Qoph)	q or k	no English equivalent; like cup but with the tongue further back
r	ר (Resh)	r	Somewhat like run
ʁ			French rouge
s	ס (Samech) שׂ (Sin)	s	see
ʃ	שׁ (Shin)	š or sh	she
t	ט (Tet) ת (Tav)	t	sting
ts	צ ץ (Tsadi)	ts (or tz)	cats
tʃ	צ׳ ץ׳ (Tsadi with geresh)	č or ch	chair
v	ב (Vet) ו (Vav) וו (double Vav)	v or ḇ/w	voice
w	וו (double Vav) ו (Vav)	w	we
χ	ח (Chet) כ ך (Chaph)	ḥ/ḵ or ch/kh	Similar to Scottish loch
z	ז (Zayin)	z	zoo
ʒ	ז׳ (Zayin with geresh)	ž	beige
ʔ	א (Aleph) ע (Ayin)	ʾ or '	uh-(ʔ)oh
ʕ	ע (Ayin)	ʿ or '	no English equivalent
ð	ד׳ (Dalet with geresh)	th	this
ŋ	נג (Nun-Gimel)	ng	ring
θ	ת׳ (Tav with geresh)	th	thing

Niqqud

The Alef-Bet is NOT comprised of consonants and vowels. Instead all letters can be used as consonants and the vowels are inferred or defined by niqqud (dots and/or dashes) around the letter itself. The niqqud will let which vowel sound to make when reading.

Vowel
*A (aah)*	אֲ	בַּ	בָּ
*E (aee)*	אֱ	בֵּי	בֶּי	בֵּ	בֶּ
*I (eee)*	בִּי	בִּ
*O (ooh)*	אֳ	כָ	בּוׄ	בּׁ
*U (oow)*	בּוּ	בֻּ

In modern times these niqqud can be grouped together based on the similar sounds they create, making them interchangeable with those in that sound.

Niqqud	English Name	Hebrew Name	Vowel Sound
ָ	Kamatz	קָמָץ	AH long vowel
ֳ	Chataf Kamatz	חֲטַף קָמָץ	AH reduced vowel
ַ	Patach	פַּתַח	AH short vowel
ֲ	Chataf Patach	חֲטַף פַּתַח	AH reduced vowel

ֵ	Tsere	צֵרֵי	AY long vowel

ֶ	Segol	סֶגוֹל	EH short vowel
ְ	Shva	שְׁוָא	EH vowel or STOP
ֱ	Shataf Segol	חֲטַף סֶגוֹל	EH reduced vowel

ִ	Chirik	חִירִיק	EE short vowel
ִ	Chirik Malay	חִירִיק מָלֵא	EE short vowel

ֹ	Cholam Chaser	חוֹלָם חָסֵר	OH long vowel
ֹ	Cholam Malay	חוֹלָם מָלֵא	OH long vowel

וּ	Shuruk	שׁוּרוּק	OO long vowel
ֻ	Kubutz	קֻבּוּץ	OO short vowel

A dot placed on the upper left corner of a letter always makes an O (ooh) sound. This dot might come by itself, or with the "vowel helper" vav (ו)

When the dot is placed to the left וּ if makes a U (oow) sound and may also be written by 3 diagonal dots under the letter it is vowelizing: ֻ

Guttural letter א, ה, ח, ע will sound the same with these nuqqid

אַ sounds the same as אֲ

אֶ sounds the same as אֱ

אָ makes the vowel O (ooh) sound like אׁ

The 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet divide into 5 phonetic groups, based on their origin in the mouth's vocal system:

throat	א (alef)	ח (chet)	ה (hei)	ע (ayin)
palate	ג (gimel)	י (yud)	כ (kaf)	ק (kuf)
tongue	ז (zayin)	ש (shin)	ס (samech)	ר (raish)	צ (tzadik)
teeth	ד (dalet)	ט (tet)	ל (lamed)	נ (noon)	ת (tav)
lips	ב (bet)	ו (vav)	מ (mem)	פ (pai)

Phonetically, any two letters of the same origin can be interchanged. Thus, there are many Hebrew words whose proximity in meaning stems from their phonetic equivalence.

Verbs

To pronounce the letter with the needed vowel, take the first letter sound + the vowel sound.

So, for the letter Pey the first letter would makes the dominate sound of "Pee" + the 5 vowels to make "Paah, Pay, Pee, Po, Poow."

Vowel	Sound
A	aah
E	aee
I	eee
O	ooh
U	oow

Indicating vowels:

Foreign words need special hints to show the vowel sounds, especially without nikkudot (vowel marks). Short, unstressed vowels are not usually represented with vowel letters, and usually can be easily guessed. When a more significant stressed or long vowel is used, it should be indicated. Note that each letter can only every have 1 vowel attached to it at most.

· For “o” and “u” sounds, use Vav (ו).

· For “ee,” “y,” and short “i” (as in "pit") sounds, use Yod (י).

· Occasionally, an Aleph (א) can be inserted to represent an “ah” sound to add clarity.

· To represent long “i” as in "find" or diphthongs like “ai” as in "aisle" or ay as in "pray," use Yod-Yod (יי).

· For an “ah” sound at the end of the word, use Hey (ה). (This usually indicates that a noun is feminine. If it needs to be masculine, use Aleph (א) instead.)

· To begin a word with a vowel, use Aleph (א) or Ayin (ע).

· Use a comma (') to separate syllables, and to separate the sounds of 2 vowels (for example ha'ola” or veyit'hadar")

Here is a link to a site that will transliterate English into Hebrew http://www.stevemorse.org/hebrew/eng2heb.html Note, however, that this site will list various possibilities, so be sure to use simplified English phonetics when running the conversion.

To transliterate a Hebrew word so that you pronounce it correctly when speaking it out you can do that here http://stevemorse.org/hebrew/heb2eng.html in English lettering. This site also will list the various possibilities.

Conjugation of verbs

Qal Perfect

Suffix	Meaning	Examples
ָה (Kamatz and He)	Third person, feminine singular. She did	שָׁמְרָה shamra (she kept)
תָּ (Tav with Kamatz)	Second person, masculine singular. You did	שָׁמַרְתָּ shamarta (you kept)
תְּ (Tav with Sh'va)	Second person, feminine singular. You did	שָׁמַרְתְּ shamart (you kept)
תִּי (Tav with Hiriq male)	First person singular. I did	שָׁמַרְתִּי shamarti (I kept)
וּ (Shuruk)	Third person plural. They did	שָׁמְרוּ shamru (they kept)
תֶּם (Tav with Segol and Final Mem)	Second person, masculine plural. You did	שָׁמַרְתֶּם shamartem (you kept)
תֶּן (Tav with Segol and Final Nun)	Second person, feminine plural. You did	שָׁמַרְתֶּן shamarten (you kept)
נוּ (Nun with Shuruk)	First person plural. We did	שָׁמַרְנוּ shamarnu (we kept)

Imperfect

Suffix	Meaning	Examples
ִי (Chirik male)	Second person, feminine singular. You will do	· תִּשְׁמְרִי tishm'ri (you will keep)
וּ (Cholam male)	Third and Second person, masculine plural. They will do, you will do	· יִשְׁמְרוּ yishm'ru (they will keep) · תִּשְׁמְרוּ tishm'ru (you will keep)
נָה (Nun with Kamatz and He)	Third and Second person, feminine plural. They will do, you will do	· תִּשְׁמֹרְנָה tishmorna (they will keep) · תִּשְׁמֹרְנָה tishmorna (you will keep)

Imperative

Suffix	Meaning	Examples
ִי (Chirik male)	Feminine singular. do!	שִׁמְרִי shimri (keep!)
וּ (Cholam male)	Masculine plural. do!	שִׁמְרוּ shimru (keep!)
נָה (Nun with Kamatz and He)	Feminine plural. do!	שְׁמֹרְנָה shmorna (keep!)

Diminutive

Suffix

Meaning

Examples

וֹן (Cholam male and Nun)

Diminutive, sometimes masculine

· סֵפֶר sefer (book) → סִפְרוֹן sifron (booklet)

· מַחְשֵׁב machshev (computer) → מַחְשֵׁבוֹן machshevon (calculator)

· מִטְבָּח mitbach (kitchen) → מִטְבָּחוֹן mitbachon (kitchenette)

ִית (Chirik male and Tav)

Diminutive, sometimes feminine

· שַׂק sak (sack) → שַׂקִית sakit (bag)

· כַּף kaf (spoon) → כַּפִּית kapit (teaspoon)

Weak Hebrew verbs sometimes lose a 'weak' letter from their root.

For example, the letters א ה י ו and also נ if it is the first letter.

Equivalent to each letter when spoken by itself.

Cholam (חולם, O)	יֺ (yod)	קֺ (kof)
Kametz (קמץ, Short A), or Patach (פתח, Long A)	אַ (aleph)	דַ (dalet)	וָ (vav)	זַ (zayin)	כָ (caf)	לַ (lamed)	סַ (samech)	עַ (ayin)	צַ (tzadi)	תָ (tav)
Tzere (צירי, Long E), or Sheva (שבא, volatile E), or Segol (סגול, Short E)	בֶ (bet)	הֵ (hey)	חֶ (chet)	טֶ (tet)	מֶ (mem)	פֵ (peh)	רֵ (resh)
Chiriq (חיריק, I)	גִ (gimel)	שִ (shin)
Shuruk (שלרק, U)	נֻ (nun)

· When speaking these niqqud and pronouncing the Holy Name center your head and move it upwards with your eyes closed for the extent of the breath as you pronounce the Cholam.

· Move your head from Left to Right (North to South) when pronouncing the Kametz, and when pronouncing the Patach do the same and then center it again and bring it forward as you corresponding to the point below the line.

· When pronouncing the Tzere move your head from Right to Left (South to North), and then center your head again and bring it slightly forward, corresponding to the point underneath.

· When pronouncing the Chiriq bow your head downwards for the duration of the breath.

· When pronouncing the Shuruk center your head and face and face straight ahead as you speak this vowel sound.

Hebrew Niqqud are used to give the letters the vowel sound since all the letters are considered constants. Otherwise, you could read one word as if it was something else, without the proper vowels applied.

Symbol

Type

Common name

Alternate names

Scientific name

Hebrew

IPA

Transliteration

Comments

בְ

Israeli

Sh'va

sheva

shva

שְׁוָא

[e̞] or Ø

ə, e, ’, or nothing

In modern Hebrew, shva represents either /e/ or Ø, regardless of its traditional classification as shva naḥ (שווא נח) or shva na (שווא נע), see the following table for examples:

Pronunciation of shva in modern Hebrew
	Occurrences of shva denoting the vowel /e/)	Occurrences of shva denoting Ø (absence of a vowel)
shva naḥ*	קִמַּטְתְּ [kiˈmate̞t] הִתְמוֹטַטְתְּ [hitmo̞ˈtate̞t]	קִפַּלְתְּ [kiˈpalt] הִתְקַפַּלְתְּ [hitkaˈpalt]
shva na	שָׁדְדוּ [ʃade̞ˈdu] לְאַט [le̞ˈat]	שָׂרְדוּ [sarˈdu] זְמַן [zman]
*All shvas in the words "קִמַּטְתְּ" and "הִתְמוֹטַטְתְּ", also those marked under the letter tet ("ט"), are shva naḥ.

Tiberian

šəwâ

שְׁוָא

[ɐ̆]

[ɛ̆]

[ĕ]

[ĭ]

[ɔ̆]

[ŏ]

[ŭ]

חֱ

Israeli

Reduced segol

hataf segol

ẖataf seggol

חֲטַף סֶגּוֹל

[e̞]

Tiberian

ḥăṭep̄ səḡôl

חֲטֶף סְגוֹל

[ɛ̆]

חֲ

Israeli

Reduced patach

hataf patah

ẖataf pataẖ

חֲטַף פַּתַח

[a]

Tiberian

ḥăṭep̄ páṯaḥ

חֲטֶף פַּתַח

[ɐ̆]

חֳ

Israeli

Reduced kamatz

hataf kamats

ẖataf kamats

חֲטַף קָמָץ

[o̞]

Tiberian

ḥăṭep̄ qāmeṣ

חֲטֶף קָמָץ

[ɔ̆]

בִ

Israeli

Hiriq

hiriq

ẖirik

חִירִיק

[i]

Usually promoted to Hiriq Malei in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation.

Tiberian

ḥîreq

חִירֶק

[i] or [iː])

i or í

בִי

Israeli

Hiriq malei

hiriq yod

ẖirik male

חִירִיק מָלֵא

[i]

Tiberian

ḥîreq mālê

חִירֶק מָלֵא

[iː]

בֵ

Israeli

Zeire

tsere, tzeirei

tsere

צֵירֵי

[e̞]

Tiberian

ṣērê

צֵרֵי

[eː]

בֵי, בֵה, בֵא

Israeli

Zeire malei

tsere yod, tzeirei yod

tsere male

צֵירֵי מָלֵא

[e̞]

More commonly ei (IPA [ei̯]).

Tiberian

ṣērê mālê

צֵרֵי מָלֵא

[eː]

בֶ

Israeli

Segol

segol

seggol

סֶגּוֹל

[e̞]

Tiberian

səḡôl

סְגוֹל

[ɛ] or [ɛː]

e or é

בֶי, בֶה, בֶא

Israeli

Segol malei

segol yod

seggol male

סֶגּוֹל מָלֵא

[e̞]

With succeeding yod, it is more commonly ei (IPA [ei̯])

Tiberian

səḡôl mālê

סְגוֹל מָלֵא

[ɛː]

ệ

בַ

Israeli

Patach

patah

pataẖ

פַּתַח

[a]

A patach on a letters ח, ע, ה at the end of a word is sounded before the letter, and not behind. Thus, נֹחַ (Noah) is pronounced /ˈno.ax/. This only occurs at the ends of words and only with patach and ח, ע, and הּ (that is, ה with a dot (mappiq) in it). This is sometimes called a patach ganuv, or "stolen" patach (more formally, "furtive patach"), since the sound "steals" an imaginary epenthetic consonant to make the extra syllable.

Tiberian

páṯaḥ

פַּתַח

[ɐ] or [ɐː]

a or á

בַה, בַא

Israeli

Patach malei

patah yod

pataẖ male

פַּתַח מָלֵא

[a]

Tiberian

páṯaḥ mālê

פַּתַח מָלֵא

[ɐː]

ậ

בָ

Israeli

Kamatz gadol

kamats

kamats gadol

קָמַץ גָּדוֹל

[a]

Tiberian

qāmeṣ gāḏôl

קָמֶץ גָּדוֹל

[ɔː]

בָה, בָא

Israeli

Kamatz malei

kamats he

kamats male

קָמַץ מָלֵא

[a]

Tiberian

qāmeṣ mālê

קָמֶץ מָלֵא

[ɔː]

בָ

Israeli

Kamatz katan

kamats hatuf

kamats katan

קָמַץ קָטָן

[o̞]

Usually promoted to Holam Malei in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation. Also, not to be confused with Hataf Kamatz.

Tiberian

qāmeṣ qāṭān

קָמֶץ קָטָן

[ɔ]

בֹ

Israeli

Holam

holam

ẖolam

חוֹלָם

[o̞]

Usually promoted to Holam Malei in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation. The holam is written above the consonant on the left corner, or slightly to the left of (i.e., after) it at the top.

Tiberian

ḥōlem

חֹלֶם

[oː]

בוֹ, בֹה, בֹא

Israeli

Holam malei

holam male

ẖolam male

חוֹלַם מָלֵא

[o̞]

The holam is written in the normal position relative to the main consonant (above and slightly to the left), which places it directly over the vav.

Tiberian

ḥōlem mālê

חֹלֶם מָלֵא

[oː]

בֻ

Israeli

Kubutz

kubuts

kubbuts

קֻבּוּץ

[u]

Usually promoted to Shuruk in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation.

Tiberian

qibbûṣ

קִבּוּץ

[u] or [uː]

u or ú

בוּ, בוּה, בוּא

Israeli

Shuruk

shuruk

שׁוּרוּק

[u]

The shuruk is written after the consonant it applies to (the consonant after which the vowel /u/ is pronounced). The dot in the shuruk is identical to a dagesh, thus shuruq and vav with a dagesh are indistinguishable. (see below).

Tiberian

šûreq

שׁוּרֶק

[uː]

בּ

Israeli

Dagesh

dagesh

דָּגֵשׁ

varied

Not a vowel, "dagesh" refers to two distinct grammatical entities:

1. "dagesh kal", which designates the plosive (as opposed to fricative) variant of any of the letters בגדכפת (in earlier forms of Hebrew this distinction was allophonic; in Israeli Hebrew ג, ד and ת with or without dagesh kal are acoustically and phonologically indistinguishable, whereas plosive and fricative variants of ב, כ and פ are sometimes allophonic and sometimes distinct phonemes (e.g., אִפֵּר /iˈper/ applied make up vs. אִפֵר /iˈfer/ tipped ash),

2. "dagesh hazak", which designates gemination (prolonged pronunciation) of consonants, but which, although represented in most cases when transliterated according to standards of the Academy of the Hebrew Language,^[3] is acoustically and phonologically non existent in Modern Hebrew (except occasionally in dramatic or comical recitations, in some loanwords—such as a few Arabic profanities—and pronunciations exaggerated for the sake of disambiguation).

For most letters the dagesh is written within the glyph, near the middle if possible, but the exact position varies from letter to letter (some letters do not have an open area in the middle, and in these cases it is written usually beside the letter, as with yod).

The guttural consonants (אהחע) and resh (ר) are not marked with a dagesh, although the letter he (ה) (and rarely א) may appear with a mappiq (which is written the same way as dagesh) at the end of a word to indicate that the letter does not signify a vowel but is consonantal.

To the resulting form, there can still be added a niqqud diacritic designating a vowel.

Tiberian

dāḡēš

דָּגֵשׁ

בֿ

Israeli

Rafe

rafe

רָפֵא No longer used in Hebrew. Still seen in Yiddish (especially following the YIVO standard) to distinguish various letter pairs. Some ancient manuscripts have a dagesh or a rafe on nearly every letter. It is also used to indicate that a letter like ה or א is silent. In the particularly strange case of the Ten Commandments, which have two different traditions for their Cantillations which many texts write together, there are cases of a single letter with both a dagesh and a rafe, if it is hard in one reading and soft in the other.

Tiberian

Niqqud, but not a vowel. Used as an "anti-dagesh", to show that a בגדכפת letter is soft and not hard, or (sometimes) that a consonant is single and not double, or that a letter like ה or א is completely silent

שׁ

Israeli

Shin dot

shin dot

šin dot

שִׁי"ן, שִׁי״ן יְמָנִית or יְמִינִית, "right Shin"

[ʃ]

š/sh

Niqqud, but not a vowel (except when inadequate typefaces merge the holam of a letter before the shin with the shin dot). The dot for shin is written over the right (first) branch of the letter. It is usually transcribed "sh".

Tiberian

שׂ

Israeli

Sin dot

sin dot

śin dot

שִׂי"ן, שִׁי״ן שְׂמָאלִית, "left Sin"

[s]

ś/s

Niqqud, but not a vowel (except when inadequate typefaces merge the holam of the sin with the sin dot). The dot for sin is written over the left (third) branch of the letter

Tiberian

Some linguistic evidence indicates that it was originally IPA [ɬ], though poetry and acrostics show that it has been pronounced /s/ since quite ancient times).

Tagin

Seven of the Hebrew letter can also be written with [3 point] tagin (crowns): שעטנ”ז ג”ץ (and spells out the phrase The "High Court of Justis").

The fourth generation Amora Rava states [Men 29b]: There are seven letters that each have three Zayin's: Shaatnez Gatz. These are the letters שעטנ”ז ג”ץ.

Zayin is the 7th letter in the alef-bet, and itself has 3 taggin. That makes 10 sefirot! So, one interpretation of a zayin is that the seven-part, underneath, corresponds to the seven sefirot in the emotive realm, and the higher, mental realm. In which case, the three taggin correspond to Keter, Hochma, and Binah. The middle one is the tallest, and represents Keter, which is the highest possible state of being; Hochma is the next tallest and the next most important so it sits on the right, and Binah is the shortest and sits on the left.

There is a famous story about tagin, told of the third generation Tanna Rabbi Akiva.

When Moses ascended Mount Sinai to receive the Torah, he found God tying crowns onto the letters.

“God,” said Moses, “surely you don’t need those?” Only you can understand them, God, so why give them to me? Alternatively, isn’t the Torah already perfect with just its letters?

God replied: “after many generations, there will be a sage named R’ Akiva, who will derive heaps and heaps of halakhot from them.”

ג	ז	ט	נ ן	ע	צ ץ	ש
Gimmel	Zayin	Tet	Nun	Ayin	Tzadi	Shin

Machine generated alternative text:
= Cro t

Cantillation

Cantillation	(Ashkenazi)	Meaning of Name	Notes
בֽ׃ U+05BD	סוֹף פָּסֽוּק Sof pasuq/ silluq	"End of verse": it is the last note of every verse. It is sometimes called silluq (taking leave).
ב֑ U+0591	אֶתְנַחְתָּ֑א Etnaḥta	"Pause, rest" because it is the pause in the middle of a verse.
ב֒ U+0592	סֶגּוֹל֒ Segol	"Bunch of grapes" (from its shape, which looks like a bunch of grapes).
ב֓ U+0593	שַׁלְשֶׁ֓לֶת Shalshelet	"Chain", either from its appearance or because it is a long chain of notes. There are only four in the whole Torah: Gen. 19:16, 24:12, 39:8; Lev. 8:23.
ב֔ U+0594	זָקֵף קָטָ֔ן Zaqef qatan	"Upright" (from their shape, or in allusion to a hand signal); Qaton = small (short); Gadol = big (long).
ב֕ U+0595	זָקֵף גָּד֕וֹל Zaqef gadol	"Upright" (from their shape, or in allusion to a hand signal); Qaton = small (short); Gadol = big (long).
ב֖ U+0596	טִפְּחָ֖א Tifcha	"Diagonal", or "hand-breadth". In old manuscripts, it was written as a straight diagonal line. In printed books, it is curved, apparently to make it a mirror image of Mercha, with which it is usually paired (the two together could be regarded as forming a slur). The name "tifcha" may be an allusion to a hand signal.
ב֗ U+0597	רְבִ֗יע Revia/revi’i	"Quarter" or "fourth", probably because it splits the half verse from the start to etnachta (or etnachta to the end) into quarters (as it ranks below zaqef, the main division within the half verse). Other possibilities are that it came fourth in the zarqa table (in the current Ashkenazi table it comes fifth) or that it was regarded as occupying the fourth level in the hierarchy. Its apparent appropriateness to the square or diamond shape of the symbol is coincidence: in most manuscripts, it is simply a point.
ב֮ U+05AE	זַרְקָא֮ Zarqa	"Scatterer", because it is like a scattering of notes.
ב֙ U+0599	פַּשְׁטָא֙ Pashta	"Stretching out", because its shape is leaning forward (or in reference to a hand signal).
ב֨ב֙ U+0599 U+05A8	שְׁנֵ֨י פַּשְׁטִין֙ Shene pashtin/pashtayim	"Stretching out", because its shape is leaning forward (or in reference to a hand signal).
ב֚ U+059A	יְ֚תִיב Yetiv	"Resting" or "sitting", because it may be followed by a short pause, or more probably because the shape is like a horn sitting up. (In the Italian tradition, it is called shofar yetiv, sitting horn.)
ב֛ U+059B	תְּבִ֛יר Tevir	"Broken", because it represents a break in reading (in some traditions there is a big jump down in pitch between the first and second notes).
ב֡ U+05A1	פָּזֵ֡ר Pazer	"Lavish" or "strew", because it has so many notes.
ב֟ U+059F	קַרְנֵי פָרָ֟ה Qarne farah/ pazer gadol	"Horns of a cow" (from its shape), sometimes called pazer gadol. Only found in Numbers 35:5 (in Parshat Mas'ei)
ב֠ U+05A0	תְּ֠לִישָא גְדוֹלָה Telisha gedolah	"Detached" because they are never linked to the following note as one musical phrase; Qetannah = small (short); Gedolah = big (long).
ב֜ U+059C	גֵּ֜רֵשׁ Geresh/azla	"Expulsion, driving out". Reason not clear. / "Going away", because it is often the end of the phrase 'Qadma ve'Azla'.
ב֞ U+059E	גֵּרְשַׁ֞יִם Gershayim	Double Geresh, from its appearance.
ב֣׀ U+05A3	מֻנַּח לְגַרְמֵ֣הּ׀ Munach legarmeh	"Resting", because the shape is a horn lying on its side. (In Eastern communities it is called shofar holech, horn going forward.) Munach legarmeh (munach on its own) is a disjunctive, used mainly before revia, but occasionally before a pazer. It may be distinguished from ordinary munach by the dividing line (pesiq) following the word.
ב֥ U+05A5	מֵרְכָ֥א Mercha	"Lengthener", because it prolongs the melody of the word that follows. In modern usage it sometimes means "comma", but this usage is taken from the cantillation sign.
ב֣ U+05A3	מֻנַּ֣ח Munach	"Resting", because the shape is a horn lying on its side. (In Eastern communities it is called shofar holech, horn going forward.) Munach legarmeh (munach on its own) is a disjunctive, used mainly before revia, but occasionally before a pazer. It may be distinguished from ordinary munach by the dividing line (pesiq) following the word.
ב֤ U+05A4	מַהְפַּ֤ך Mahpach	"Turning around". In old manuscripts, it was written like a U on its side, hence like someone doing a U turn. In printed books, it has a V shape, possibly because that was easier for the early printers to make. In Eastern communities it is called shofar mehuppach, "reversed horn", because it faces the other way from shofar holech (munach)
ב֧ U+05A7	דַּרְגָּ֧א Darga	"Trill" from its sound, or "step" from its shape.
ב֨ U+05A8	קַדְמָ֨א Qadma	"To progress, advance." It always occurs at the beginning of a phrase (often before other conjunctives) and its shape is leaning forward. In particular it is the first member of the Qadma ve-Azla pair.
ב֩ U+05A9	תְּלִישָא קְטַנָּה֩ Telisha qetannah	"Detached" because they are never linked to the following note as one musical phrase; Qetannah = small (short); Gedolah = big (long).
ב֦ U+05A6	מֵרְכָא כְּפוּלָ֦ה Mercha kefulah	Kefulah means "double", because it looks like two merchas together. There are only five in the whole Torah: Gen. 27:25, Ex. 5:15, Lev. 10:1, Num. 14:3, Num. 32:42.
ב֪ U+05AA	יֵרֶח בֶּן יוֹמ֪וֹ Yerach ben yomo/ galgal	"Moon one day old" (because it looks like a crescent moon), sometimes called galgal (circle). Only found in Numbers 35:5 (in Parshat Mas'ei)
	קָטָ֔ן Katan
	אֶתְנַחְתָּ֑א מֻנַּ֣ח Munach Etnachta
	רְבִ֗יע מֻנַּ֣ח Munach Revi’i
	סֶגּוֹל֒ מֻנַּ֣ח Munach Segol
	זַרְקָא֮ מֻנַּ֣ח Munach Zarka

4 Major Writing Styles

Prior to these 4 most well-known Hebrew writing styles, the Hebrew alphabet originally started out as pictograms, similar to the ancient Egyptians writing style of pictograms, better known as Hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphs are more than words: they are images, visual symbols not only used to describe plain reality but, first of all, the signs of God’s might. In the initial period, they supplemented and explained the presented scenes and the selected gods. They were used mostly for recording sacred texts. Due to their complex structure, they were not suitable for fast writing about mundane issues. To deliver common information, another writing was used in Egypt, called “Hieratic.” The majority of writers could write in it. Below are the Hebrew pictograms were known to have been produced around the time of the Exodus from Egypt, possibly influenced by the Egyptian’s themselves, who claim their writing systems originated with Thoth (or Hermes).

Hebrew Pictographs

1. Torah Style, which is called "Stam." This is an abbreviation of the three uses of this style: 1. Torah or books, (Sefarim) 2. Tefilin 3. Mezzuzot (plural of Mezzuzah).

2. Religious Style, which is found in Jewish prayer books, ketuba and other documents of religious character such as marriage certificates, invitations etc.

3. Modern Print Style, which is vastly used for all modern Hebrew communication purposes such as books, letters, official documents, software and multimedia.

4. Modern Cursive Style, which is the handwritten style in Israel and across the Jewish world.

Aramaic

Hebrew is the language of revelation and Aramaic is the language of concealment. You can think of Aramaic and Hebrew as being similar to how British-English is to American-English, where Aramaic came about from the mixing of many different dialects and cultures coming together.

Aramaic Letters and their equivalents

Letter Name	Syriac	Syriac Text	Imperial Aramaic	IPA	Hebrew	Phoenician	Arabic	Brahmi	Nabataean	Kharosthi	Maalouli Aramaic
Ālap		ܐ		/ʔ/; /aː/, /eː/	א		ا‎
Bēth		ܒ		/b/, /β/	ב		ب‎
Gāmal		ܓ		/ɡ/, /ɣ/	ג		ج‎
Dālath		ܕ		/d/, /ð/	ד		د ذ‎
Hē		ܗ		/ɦ/	ה		ه‎
Waw		ܘ		/w/; /oː/, /uː/	ו		و‎
Zain		ܙ		/z/	ז		ز‎
Ḥēth		ܚ		/ʜ/ /χ/	ח		ح خ‎
Ṭēth		ܛ		*emphatic* /tˤ/	ט		ط ظ‎
Yodh		ܝ		/j/; /iː/, /eː/	י		ي‎
Kāp		k		/k/, /x/	כ		ك‎
Kāp Final		ܟ		/k/, /x/	ך		ك‎
Kāp Final Attached		K		/k/, /x/	ך		ك
Lāmadh		ܠ		/l/	ל		ل‎
Mem		ܡ		/m/	מ		م‎
Mem Final		m		/m/	ם		م‎
Nun		n		/n/	נ		ن‎
Nun Final		ܢ		/n/	ן		ن‎
Nun Final Attached		N		/n/	ן		ن‎
Semkath		ܣ		/s/	ס		س‎
ʿĒ		ܥ		/ʢ/ /ʁ/	ע		ع غ‎
Pē		ܦ		/p/, /ɸ/	פ ף		ف‎
Pē Final		ܦ		/p/, /ɸ/	ף		ف‎
Ṣādhē		ܨ		emphatic /sˤ/	צ ץ		ص ض‎
Ṣādhē FInal		ܨ		emphatic /sˤ/	ץ		ص ض‎
Qop		ܩ		/qˤ/	ק		ق‎
Rēsh		ܪ		/r/	ר		ر‎
Shin		ܫ		/ʃ/	ש		ش‎
Taw		ܬ		/t/, /θ/	ת		ت ث‎